Borrego-Daz, J. & Chávez-González, A. M.
(2006):
Visual Ontology Cleaning: Cognitive Principles and Applicability..
In: ESWC,
[BibTeX][Endnote]
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/esws/Borrego-DiazC06,
author = {Borrego-Daz, Joaqun and Chávez-González, Antonia M.},
title = {Visual Ontology Cleaning: Cognitive Principles and Applicability.},
booktitle = {ESWC},
year = {2006},
pages = {317-331},
keywords = {web, proceedings, 2006, and, reason, eswc, rules, european, conference, semantic}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Borrego-Daz, Joaqun and Chávez-González, Antonia M.
%B = ESWC
%D = 2006
%T = Visual Ontology Cleaning: Cognitive Principles and Applicability.
Brockmans, S.; Haase, P.; Hitzler, P. & Studer, R.
(2006):
A Metamodel and UML Profile for Rule-Extended OWL DL Ontologies..
In: ESWC,
[BibTeX][Endnote]
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/esws/BrockmansHHS06,
author = {Brockmans, Saartje and Haase, Peter and Hitzler, Pascal and Studer, Rudi},
title = {A Metamodel and UML Profile for Rule-Extended OWL DL Ontologies.},
booktitle = {ESWC},
year = {2006},
pages = {303-316},
keywords = {2006, proceedings, web, and, reason, eswc, rules, conference, european, semantic}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Brockmans, Saartje and Haase, Peter and Hitzler, Pascal and Studer, Rudi
%B = ESWC
%D = 2006
%T = A Metamodel and UML Profile for Rule-Extended OWL DL Ontologies.
Eiter, T.; Ianni, G.; Schindlauer, R. & Tompits, H.
(2006):
Effective Integration of Declarative Rules with External Evaluations for Semantic-Web Reasoning..
In: ESWC,
[BibTeX][Endnote]
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/esws/EiterIST06,
author = {Eiter, Thomas and Ianni, Giovambattista and Schindlauer, Roman and Tompits, Hans},
title = {Effective Integration of Declarative Rules with External Evaluations for Semantic-Web Reasoning.},
booktitle = {ESWC},
year = {2006},
pages = {273-287},
keywords = {web, proceedings, 2006, and, reason, eswc, rules, european, conference, semantic}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Eiter, Thomas and Ianni, Giovambattista and Schindlauer, Roman and Tompits, Hans
%B = ESWC
%D = 2006
%T = Effective Integration of Declarative Rules with External Evaluations for Semantic-Web Reasoning.
Hotho, A.; Jäschke, R.; Schmitz, C. & Stumme, G.
(2006):
Das Entstehen von Semantik in BibSonomy.
In: Social Software in der Wertschöpfung,
Baden-Baden.
[Volltext]
[Kurzfassung] [BibTeX][Endnote]
Immer mehr Soziale-Lesezeichen-Systeme entstehen im heutigen Web. In solchen Systemen erstellen die Nutzer leichtgewichtige begriffliche Strukturen, so genannte Folksonomies. Ihren Erfolg verdanken sie der Tatsache, dass man keine speziellen Fähigkeiten benötigt, um an der Gestaltung mitzuwirken. In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir unser System BibSonomy. Es erlaubt das Speichern, Verwalten und Austauschen sowohl von Lesezeichen (Bookmarks) als auch von Literaturreferenzen in Form von BibTeX-Einträgen. Die Entwicklung des verwendeten Vokabulars und der damit einhergehenden Entstehung einer gemeinsamen Semantik wird detailliert diskutiert.
@inproceedings{hotho2006entstehen,
author = {Hotho, Andreas and Jäschke, Robert and Schmitz, Christoph and Stumme, Gerd},
title = {Das Entstehen von Semantik in BibSonomy},
booktitle = {Social Software in der Wertschöpfung},
publisher = {Nomos},
address = {Baden-Baden},
year = {2006},
url = {http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2006/hotho2006entstehen.pdf},
keywords = {2006, BibSonomy, UniK, association, bibsonomy, folkrank, folksonomies, folksonomy, hotho, jaeschke, nepomuk, pagerank, rules, schmitz, semantics, semantik, stumme, tagging, tagora, tagorapub, tags},
abstract = {Immer mehr Soziale-Lesezeichen-Systeme entstehen im heutigen Web. In solchen Systemen erstellen die Nutzer leichtgewichtige begriffliche Strukturen, so genannte Folksonomies. Ihren Erfolg verdanken sie der Tatsache, dass man keine speziellen Fähigkeiten benötigt, um an der Gestaltung mitzuwirken. In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir unser System BibSonomy. Es erlaubt das Speichern, Verwalten und Austauschen sowohl von Lesezeichen (Bookmarks) als auch von Literaturreferenzen in Form von BibTeX-Einträgen. Die Entwicklung des verwendeten Vokabulars und der damit einhergehenden Entstehung einer gemeinsamen Semantik wird detailliert diskutiert.}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Hotho, Andreas and Jäschke, Robert and Schmitz, Christoph and Stumme, Gerd
%B = Social Software in der Wertschöpfung
%C = Baden-Baden
%D = 2006
%I = Nomos
%T = Das Entstehen von Semantik in BibSonomy
%U = http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2006/hotho2006entstehen.pdf
Lukasiewicz, T. & Schellhase, Jö.
(2006):
Variable-Strength Conditional Preferences for Ranking Objects in Ontologies..
In: ESWC,
[BibTeX][Endnote]
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/esws/LukasiewiczS06,
author = {Lukasiewicz, Thomas and Schellhase, Jörg},
title = {Variable-Strength Conditional Preferences for Ranking Objects in Ontologies.},
booktitle = {ESWC},
year = {2006},
pages = {288-302},
keywords = {web, proceedings, 2006, and, reason, eswc, rules, european, conference, semantic}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Lukasiewicz, Thomas and Schellhase, Jörg
%B = ESWC
%D = 2006
%T = Variable-Strength Conditional Preferences for Ranking Objects in Ontologies.
Polleres, A.; Feier, C. & Harth, A.
(2006):
Rules with Contextually Scoped Negation..
In: ESWC,
[BibTeX][Endnote]
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/esws/PolleresFH06,
author = {Polleres, Axel and Feier, Cristina and Harth, Andreas},
title = {Rules with Contextually Scoped Negation.},
booktitle = {ESWC},
year = {2006},
pages = {332-347},
keywords = {web, proceedings, 2006, and, reason, eswc, rules, european, conference, semantic}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Polleres, Axel and Feier, Cristina and Harth, Andreas
%B = ESWC
%D = 2006
%T = Rules with Contextually Scoped Negation.
Lakhal, L. & Stumme, G.
(2005):
Efficient Mining of Association Rules Based on Formal Concept Analysis. LNAI Heidelberg
[Volltext] [Kurzfassung] [BibTeX]
[Endnote]
Association rules are a popular knowledge discovery technique for
rehouse basket analysis. They indicate which items of the
rehouse are frequently bought together. The problem of association
le mining has first been stated in 1993. Five years later, several
search groups discovered that this problem has a strong connection
Formal Concept Analysis (FCA). In this survey, we will first
troduce some basic ideas of this connection along a specific
gorithm, and show how FCA helps in reducing the number
resulting rules without loss of information, before giving a
neral overview over the history and state of the art of applying
A for association rule mining.
@inbook{lakhal2005efficient,
author = {Lakhal, Lotfi and Stumme, Gerd},
title = {Efficient Mining of Association Rules Based on Formal Concept Analysis},
editor = {Ganter, Bernhard and Stumme, Gerd and Wille, Rudolf},
booktitle = {Formal Concept Analysis: Foundations and Applications},
series = {LNAI},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
year = {2005},
volume = {3626},
pages = {180-195},
url = {http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2005/lakhal2005efficient.pdf},
keywords = {2005, analysis, association, book, closed, concept, condensed, data, discovery, fca, formal, itegpub, itemsets, kdd, knowledge, l3s, mining, myown, representations, rules},
abstract = {Association rules are a popular knowledge discovery technique for
warehouse basket analysis. They indicate which items of the
warehouse are frequently bought together. The problem of association
rule mining has first been stated in 1993. Five years later, several
research groups discovered that this problem has a strong connection
to Formal Concept Analysis (FCA). In this survey, we will first
introduce some basic ideas of this connection along a specific
algorithm, and show how FCA helps in reducing the number
of resulting rules without loss of information, before giving a
general overview over the history and state of the art of applying
FCA for association rule mining.}
}
%0 = inbook
%A = Lakhal, Lotfi and Stumme, Gerd
%B = Formal Concept Analysis: Foundations and Applications}
%C = Heidelberg
%D = 2005
%I = Springer
%T = Efficient Mining of Association Rules Based on Formal Concept Analysis}
%U = http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2005/lakhal2005efficient.pdf
Pasquier, N.; Taouil, R.; Bastide, Y.; Stumme, G. & Lakhal, L.
(2005):
Generating a Condensed Representation for Association Rules.
In: Journal Intelligent Information Systems (JIIS),
Ausgabe/Number: 1,
Vol. 24,
Verlag/Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Erscheinungsjahr/Year: 2005.
Seiten/Pages: 29-60.
[Volltext] [BibTeX]
[Endnote]
@article{pasquier2005generating,
author = {Pasquier, Nicolas and Taouil, Rafik and Bastide, Yves and Stumme, Gerd and Lakhal, Lotfi},
title = {Generating a Condensed Representation for Association Rules},
journal = {Journal Intelligent Information Systems (JIIS)},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
year = {2005},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {29-60},
url = {http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2005/pasquier2005generating.pdf},
keywords = {2005, OntologyHandbook, analysis, association, closed, concept, condensed, data, discovery, fca, formal, itegpub, itemset, kdd, knowledge, l3s, mining, myown, representations, rule, rules, sets}
}
%0 = article
%A = Pasquier, Nicolas and Taouil, Rafik and Bastide, Yves and Stumme, Gerd and Lakhal, Lotfi
%D = 2005
%I = Kluwer Academic Publishers
%T = Generating a Condensed Representation for Association Rules
%U = http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2005/pasquier2005generating.pdf
Rioult, F.:
Extraction de connaissances dans les bases de donnees comportant des valeurs manquantes ou un grand nombre d'attributs. Universite de Caen Basse-Normandie, 2005
[BibTeX]
[Endnote]
@phdthesis{rioult05extraction,
author = {Rioult, Francois},
title = {Extraction de connaissances dans les bases de donnees comportant des valeurs manquantes ou un grand nombre d'attributs},
address = {Universite de Caen Basse-Normandie},
year = {2005},
keywords = {rules, association}
}
%0 = phdthesis
%A = Rioult, Francois
%C = Universite de Caen Basse-Normandie
%D = 2005
%T = Extraction de connaissances dans les bases de donnees comportant des valeurs manquantes ou un grand nombre d'attributs
Rioult, F.:
Extraction de connaissances dans les bases de donn�es comportant
des valeurs manquantes ou un grand nombre d'attributs. Universit� de Caen Basse-Normandie, 2005
[BibTeX]
[Endnote]
@phdthesis{rioult05extraction,
author = {Rioult, Francois},
title = {Extraction de connaissances dans les bases de donn�es comportant
des valeurs manquantes ou un grand nombre d'attributs},
address = {Universit� de Caen Basse-Normandie},
year = {2005},
keywords = {FCA, OntologyHandbook, association, rules}
}
%0 = phdthesis
%A = Rioult, Francois
%C = Universit� de Caen Basse-Normandie
%D = 2005
%T = Extraction de connaissances dans les bases de donn�es comportant
des valeurs manquantes ou un grand nombre d'attributs
Bastide, Y.; Taouil, R.; Pasquier, N.; Stumme, G. & Lakhal, L.
(2002):
Pascal: un alogorithme d'extraction des motifs fréquents.
In: Technique et Science Informatiques (TSI),
Ausgabe/Number: 1,
Vol. 21,
Erscheinungsjahr/Year: 2002.
Seiten/Pages: 65-95.
[Volltext] [BibTeX]
[Endnote]
@article{bastide02unalogorithme,
author = {Bastide, Y. and Taouil, R. and Pasquier, N. and Stumme, G. and Lakhal, L.},
title = {Pascal: un alogorithme d'extraction des motifs fréquents},
journal = {Technique et Science Informatiques (TSI)},
year = {2002},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {65-95},
url = {http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2001/TSI01.pdf},
keywords = {2002, analysis, association, closed, concept, condensed, fca, formal, iceberg, itemsets, lattices, myown, pascal, representations, rules, titanic}
}
%0 = article
%A = Bastide, Y. and Taouil, R. and Pasquier, N. and Stumme, G. and Lakhal, L.
%D = 2002
%T = Pascal: un alogorithme d'extraction des motifs fréquents
%U = http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2001/TSI01.pdf
Stumme, G.
(2002):
Efficient Data Mining Based on Formal Concept Analysis.
In: Database and Expert Systems Applications. Proc. DEXA 2002,
Heidelberg.
[Volltext]
[BibTeX][Endnote]
@inproceedings{stumme02efficient,
author = {Stumme, G.},
title = {Efficient Data Mining Based on Formal Concept Analysis},
editor = {Hameurlain, A. and Cicchetti, R. and Traunmüller, R.},
booktitle = {Database and Expert Systems Applications. Proc. DEXA 2002},
series = {LNCS},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
year = {2002},
volume = {2453},
pages = {534-546},
url = {http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2002/DEXA02.pdf},
keywords = {2002, association, closed, condensed, data, discovery, fca, itemsets, kdd, knowledge, mining, myown, representations, rules}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Stumme, G.
%B = Database and Expert Systems Applications. Proc. DEXA 2002
%C = Heidelberg
%D = 2002
%I = Springer
%T = Efficient Data Mining Based on Formal Concept Analysis
%U = http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2002/DEXA02.pdf
Stumme, G.; Taouil, R.; Bastide, Y.; Pasquier, N. & Lakhal, L.
(2001):
Intelligent Structuring and Reducing of Association Rules and with Formal Concept Analysis.
In: KI 2001: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. KI 2001,
Heidelberg.
[Volltext]
[BibTeX][Endnote]
@inproceedings{stumme01intelligent,
author = {Stumme, G. and Taouil, R. and Bastide, Y. and Pasquier, N. and Lakhal, L.},
title = {Intelligent Structuring and Reducing of Association Rules and with Formal Concept Analysis},
editor = {Baader, F. and Brewker, G. and Eiter, T.},
booktitle = {KI 2001: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. KI 2001},
series = {LNAI},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
year = {2001},
volume = {2174},
pages = {335-350},
url = {http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2001/KI01.pdf},
keywords = {2001, FCA, OntologyHandbook, analysis, association, bases, closed, concept, condensed, discovery, fca, formal, itemsets, kdd, knowledge, mining, myown, representations, rule, rules}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Stumme, G. and Taouil, R. and Bastide, Y. and Pasquier, N. and Lakhal, L.
%B = KI 2001: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. KI 2001
%C = Heidelberg
%D = 2001
%I = Springer
%T = Intelligent Structuring and Reducing of Association Rules and with Formal Concept Analysis
%U = http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2001/KI01.pdf
Bastide, Y.; Taouil, R.; Pasquier, N.; Stumme, G. & Lakhal, L.
(2000):
Levelwise Search of Frequent Patterns.
In: Actes des 16ièmes Journées Bases de Données Avancées,
France.
[Volltext]
[BibTeX][Endnote]
@inproceedings{bastide00levelwise,
author = {Bastide, Y. and Taouil, R. and Pasquier, N. and Stumme, G. and Lakhal, L.},
title = {Levelwise Search of Frequent Patterns},
booktitle = {Actes des 16ièmes Journées Bases de Données Avancées},
publisher = {Blois},
address = {France},
year = {2000},
pages = {307-322},
url = {http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2000/BDA00.pdf},
keywords = {2000, algorithm, algorithms, analysis, association, closed, concept, condensed, data, discovery, fca, formal, frequent, itemsets, kdd, knowledge, mining, myown, representations, rules}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Bastide, Y. and Taouil, R. and Pasquier, N. and Stumme, G. and Lakhal, L.
%B = Actes des 16ièmes Journées Bases de Données Avancées
%C = France
%D = 2000
%I = Blois
%T = Levelwise Search of Frequent Patterns
%U = http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2000/BDA00.pdf
Bastide, Y.; Taouil, R.; Pasquier, N.; Stumme, G. & Lakhal, L.
(2000):
Mining Frequent Patterns with Counting Inference..
In: SIGKDD Explorations, Special Issue on Scalable Algorithms,
Ausgabe/Number: 2,
Vol. 2,
Erscheinungsjahr/Year: 2000.
Seiten/Pages: 71-80.
[BibTeX]
[Endnote]
@article{bastide00miningfrequent,
author = {Bastide, Y. and Taouil, R. and Pasquier, N. and Stumme, G. and Lakhal, L.},
title = {Mining Frequent Patterns with Counting Inference.},
journal = {SIGKDD Explorations, Special Issue on Scalable Algorithms},
year = {2000},
volume = {2},
number = {2},
pages = {71-80},
keywords = {2000, FCA, OntologyHandbook, analys, association, closed, concept, condensed, data, discovery, fca, formal, frequent, itemsets, kdd, knowledge, mining, myown, representation, representations, rule, rules}
}
%0 = article
%A = Bastide, Y. and Taouil, R. and Pasquier, N. and Stumme, G. and Lakhal, L.
%D = 2000
%T = Mining Frequent Patterns with Counting Inference.
Bastide, Y.; Pasquier, N.; Taouil, R.; Stumme, G. & Lakhal, L.
(2000):
Mining Minimal Non-Redundant Association Rules Using Frequent Closed Itemsets.
In: Computational Logic -- CL 2000 Proc. CL'00,
Heidelberg.
[Volltext]
[BibTeX][Endnote]
@inproceedings{bastide00miningminimal,
author = {Bastide, Y. and Pasquier, N. and Taouil, R. and Stumme, G. and Lakhal, L.},
title = {Mining Minimal Non-Redundant Association Rules Using Frequent Closed Itemsets},
editor = {Lloyd, J. and Dahl, V. and Furbach, U. and Kerber, M. and Laus, K.-K. and Palamidessi, C. and Pereira, L.M. and Sagiv, Y. and Stuckey, P.J.},
booktitle = {Computational Logic --- CL 2000 Proc. CL'00},
series = {LNAI},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
year = {2000},
volume = {1861},
url = {http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2000/DOOD00.pdf},
keywords = {2000, analys, association, closed, concept, condensed, data, discovery, fca, formal, frequent, itemsets, kdd, knowledge, mining, myown, representation, representations, rule, rules}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Bastide, Y. and Pasquier, N. and Taouil, R. and Stumme, G. and Lakhal, L.
%B = Computational Logic --- CL 2000 Proc. CL'00
%C = Heidelberg
%D = 2000
%I = Springer
%T = Mining Minimal Non-Redundant Association Rules Using Frequent Closed Itemsets
%U = http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2000/DOOD00.pdf
Stumme, G.
(1999):
Conceptual Knowledge Discovery with Frequent Concept Lattices.
[Volltext] [BibTeX]
[Endnote]
@techreport{stumme99conceptualknowledge,
author = {Stumme, G.},
title = {Conceptual Knowledge Discovery with Frequent Concept Lattices},
type = {FB4-Preprint 2043},
year = {1999},
url = {http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/1999/P2043.pdf},
keywords = {1999, analysis, association, closed, concept, condensed, data, discovery, fca, formal, frequent, iceberg, itemsets, kdd, knowledge, lattices, mining, myown, representations, rule, rules}
}
%0 = techreport
%A = Stumme, G.
%B = }
%C =
%D = 1999
%I =
%T = Conceptual Knowledge Discovery with Frequent Concept Lattices}
%U = http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/1999/P2043.pdf
Pasquier, N.; Bastide, Y.; Taouil, R. & Lakhal, L.
(1998):
Pruning closed itemset lattices for associations rules..
In: Bases de Donn�es Avanc�es,
[Volltext]
[BibTeX][Endnote]
@inproceedings{pasquier98pruning,
author = {Pasquier, Nicolas and Bastide, Yves and Taouil, Rafik and Lakhal, Lotfi},
title = {Pruning closed itemset lattices for associations rules.},
editor = {Bouzeghoub, Mokrane},
booktitle = {Bases de Donn�es Avanc�es},
year = {1998},
url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/bda/bda98.html#PasquierBTL98},
keywords = {FCA, OntologyHandbook, analysis, association, closed, concept, fca, formal, itemset, mining, rules}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Pasquier, Nicolas and Bastide, Yves and Taouil, Rafik and Lakhal, Lotfi
%B = Bases de Donn�es Avanc�es
%D = 1998
%T = Pruning closed itemset lattices for associations rules.
%U = http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/bda/bda98.html#PasquierBTL98
Pasquier, N.; Bastide, Y.; Taouil, R. & Lakhal, L.
(1998):
Pruning closed itemset lattices for associations rules..
In: Bases de Données Avancées,
[Volltext]
[BibTeX][Endnote]
@inproceedings{pasquier98pruning,
author = {Pasquier, Nicolas and Bastide, Yves and Taouil, Rafik and Lakhal, Lotfi},
title = {Pruning closed itemset lattices for associations rules.},
editor = {Bouzeghoub, Mokrane},
booktitle = {Bases de Données Avancées},
year = {1998},
url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/bda/bda98.html#PasquierBTL98},
keywords = {analysis, association, closed, concept, fca, formal, itemset, mining, rules}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Pasquier, Nicolas and Bastide, Yves and Taouil, Rafik and Lakhal, Lotfi
%B = Bases de Données Avancées
%D = 1998
%T = Pruning closed itemset lattices for associations rules.
%U = http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/bda/bda98.html#PasquierBTL98
Richards, D. & Compton, P.
(1997):
Combining Formal Concept Analysis and Ripple Down Rules to Support Reuse.
In: Proc. 9 th Intl. Conf. on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering,
Heidelberg.
[BibTeX][Endnote]
@inproceedings{richards97combining,
author = {Richards, D. and Compton, P.},
title = {Combining Formal Concept Analysis and Ripple Down Rules to Support Reuse},
booktitle = {Proc. 9 th Intl. Conf. on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {Heidelberg},
year = {1997},
keywords = {analysis, concept, down, fca, formal, ripple, rules}
}
%0 = inproceedings
%A = Richards, D. and Compton, P.
%B = Proc. 9 th Intl. Conf. on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering
%C = Heidelberg
%D = 1997
%I = Springer
%T = Combining Formal Concept Analysis and Ripple Down Rules to Support Reuse