X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) as the world`s most brilliant light sources provide ultrashort X-ray pulses with durations typically on the order of femtoseconds. Recently, they have approached and entered the attosecond regime, which holds new promises for single-molecule imaging and studying nonlinear and ultrafast phenomena like localized electron dynamics. The technological evolution of XFELs toward well-controllable light sources for precise metrology of ultrafast processes was, however, hampered by the diagnostic capabilities for characterizing X-ray pulses at the attosecond frontier. In this regard, the spectroscopic technique of photoelectron angular streaking has successfully proven how to non-destructively retrieve the exact time-energy structure of XFEL pulses on a single-shot basis. By using artificial intelligence algorithms, in particular convolutional neural networks, we here show how this technique can be leveraged from its proof-of-principle stage toward routine diagnostics at XFELs, thus enhancing and refining their scientific access in all related disciplines.

@article{DOM+21, author = {Dingel, Kristina and Otto, Thorsten and Marder, Lutz and Funke, Lars and Held, Arne and Savio, Sara and Hans, Andreas and Hartmann, Gregor and Meier, David and Viefhaus, Jens and Sick, Bernhard and Ehresmann, Arno and Ilchen, Markus and Helml, Wolfram}, title = {Toward AI-enhanced online-characterization and shaping of ultrashort X-ray free-electron laser pulses}, journal = {arXiv e-prints}, year = {2021}, pages = {arXiv:2108.13979}, keywords = {-, Accelerator, Analysis,, Artificial, Computer, Data, Intelligence,, Optics, Physics, Physics,, Probability,, Science, Statistics, and, isac-www}, abstract = {X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) as the world`s most brilliant light sources provide ultrashort X-ray pulses with durations typically on the order of femtoseconds. Recently, they have approached and entered the attosecond regime, which holds new promises for single-molecule imaging and studying nonlinear and ultrafast phenomena like localized electron dynamics. The technological evolution of XFELs toward well-controllable light sources for precise metrology of ultrafast processes was, however, hampered by the diagnostic capabilities for characterizing X-ray pulses at the attosecond frontier. In this regard, the spectroscopic technique of photoelectron angular streaking has successfully proven how to non-destructively retrieve the exact time-energy structure of XFEL pulses on a single-shot basis. By using artificial intelligence algorithms, in particular convolutional neural networks, we here show how this technique can be leveraged from its proof-of-principle stage toward routine diagnostics at XFELs, thus enhancing and refining their scientific access in all related disciplines.} }

%0 = article %A = Dingel, Kristina and Otto, Thorsten and Marder, Lutz and Funke, Lars and Held, Arne and Savio, Sara and Hans, Andreas and Hartmann, Gregor and Meier, David and Viefhaus, Jens and Sick, Bernhard and Ehresmann, Arno and Ilchen, Markus and Helml, Wolfram %D = 2021 %T = Toward AI-enhanced online-characterization and shaping of ultrashort X-ray free-electron laser pulses

<sec> <title></title> <p>In a 2005 paper that has been accessed more than a million times, John Ioannidis explained why most published research findings were false. Here he revisits the topic, this time to address how to improve matters.</p> <p><italic>Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary</italic></p> </sec>

@article{ioannidis2014published, author = {Ioannidis, John P. A.}, title = {How to Make More Published Research True}, journal = {PLoS Med}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, year = {2014}, volume = {11}, number = {10}, pages = {e1001747}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001747}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001747}, keywords = {citation, culture, meta, publication, publish, science}, abstract = {<sec> <title></title> <p>In a 2005 paper that has been accessed more than a million times, John Ioannidis explained why most published research findings were false. Here he revisits the topic, this time to address how to improve matters.</p> <p><italic>Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary</italic></p> </sec>} }

%0 = article %A = Ioannidis, John P. A. %D = 2014 %I = Public Library of Science %T = How to Make More Published Research True %U = http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001747

Scientific data represents a significant portion of the linked open data cloud and scientists stand to benefit from the data fusion capability this will afford. Publishing linked data into the cloud, however, does not ensure the required reusability. Publishing has requirements of provenance, quality, credit, attribution and methods to provide the reproducibility that enables validation of results. In this paper we make the case for a scientific data publication model on top of linked data and introduce the notion of Research Objects as first class citizens for sharing and publishing.

@article{bechhofer2013linked, author = {Bechhofer, Sean and Buchan, Iain and De Roure, David and Missier, Paolo and Ainsworth, John and Bhagat, Jiten and Couch, Philip and Cruickshank, Don and Delderfield, Mark and Dunlop, Ian and Gamble, Matthew and Michaelides, Danius and Owen, Stuart and Newman, David and Sufi, Shoaib and Goble, Carole}, title = {Why linked data is not enough for scientists}, journal = {Future Generation Computer Systems}, year = {2013}, volume = {29}, number = {2}, pages = {599--611}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X11001439}, doi = {10.1016/j.future.2011.08.004}, issn = {0167-739X}, keywords = {data, linked, lod, open, reproducibility, science}, abstract = {Scientific data represents a significant portion of the linked open data cloud and scientists stand to benefit from the data fusion capability this will afford. Publishing linked data into the cloud, however, does not ensure the required reusability. Publishing has requirements of provenance, quality, credit, attribution and methods to provide the reproducibility that enables validation of results. In this paper we make the case for a scientific data publication model on top of linked data and introduce the notion of Research Objects as first class citizens for sharing and publishing.} }

%0 = article %A = Bechhofer, Sean and Buchan, Iain and De Roure, David and Missier, Paolo and Ainsworth, John and Bhagat, Jiten and Couch, Philip and Cruickshank, Don and Delderfield, Mark and Dunlop, Ian and Gamble, Matthew and Michaelides, Danius and Owen, Stuart and Newman, David and Sufi, Shoaib and Goble, Carole %D = 2013 %T = Why linked data is not enough for scientists %U = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X11001439

Keywords in the ACM Digital Library and IEEE Xplore digital library and in NSF grants anticipate future CS research.

@article{Hoonlor:2013:TCS:2507771.2500892, author = {Hoonlor, Apirak and Szymanski, Boleslaw K. and Zaki, Mohammed J.}, title = {Trends in Computer Science Research}, journal = {Commun. ACM}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, year = {2013}, volume = {56}, number = {10}, pages = {74--83}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2500892}, doi = {10.1145/2500892}, issn = {0001-0782}, keywords = {****, analysis, cs, research, science, trends}, abstract = {Keywords in the ACM Digital Library and IEEE Xplore digital library and in NSF grants anticipate future CS research.} }

%0 = article %A = Hoonlor, Apirak and Szymanski, Boleslaw K. and Zaki, Mohammed J. %C = New York, NY, USA %D = 2013 %I = ACM %T = Trends in Computer Science Research %U = http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2500892

The birth and decline of disciplines are critical to science and society. How do scientific disciplines emerge? No quantitative model to date allows us to validate competing theories on the different roles of endogenous processes, such as social collaborations, and exogenous events, such as scientific discoveries. Here we propose an agent-based model in which the evolution of disciplines is guided mainly by social interactions among agents representing scientists. Disciplines emerge from splitting and merging of social communities in a collaboration network. We find that this social model can account for a number of stylized facts about the relationships between disciplines, scholars, and publications. These results provide strong quantitative support for the key role of social interactions in shaping the dynamics of science. While several “science of science” theories exist, this is the first account for the emergence of disciplines that is validated on the basis of empirical data.

@article{sun2013social, author = {Sun, Xiaoling and Kaur, Jasleen and Milojevic, Stasa and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo}, title = {Social Dynamics of Science}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Limited}, year = {2013}, volume = {3}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep01069}, doi = {10.1038/srep01069}, keywords = {dynamics, science, scientometrics, social}, abstract = {The birth and decline of disciplines are critical to science and society. How do scientific disciplines emerge? No quantitative model to date allows us to validate competing theories on the different roles of endogenous processes, such as social collaborations, and exogenous events, such as scientific discoveries. Here we propose an agent-based model in which the evolution of disciplines is guided mainly by social interactions among agents representing scientists. Disciplines emerge from splitting and merging of social communities in a collaboration network. We find that this social model can account for a number of stylized facts about the relationships between disciplines, scholars, and publications. These results provide strong quantitative support for the key role of social interactions in shaping the dynamics of science. While several “science of science” theories exist, this is the first account for the emergence of disciplines that is validated on the basis of empirical data.} }

%0 = article %A = Sun, Xiaoling and Kaur, Jasleen and Milojevic, Stasa and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo %D = 2013 %I = Macmillan Publishers Limited %T = Social Dynamics of Science %U = http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep01069

@article{sun2013social, author = {Sun, Xiaoling and Kaur, Jasleen and Milojevic, Stasa and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo}, title = {Social Dynamics of Science}, journal = {Sci. Rep.}, publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved}, year = {2013}, volume = {3}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep01069}, keywords = {bibsonomy, dynamics, science, social, toread, web} }

%0 = article %A = Sun, Xiaoling and Kaur, Jasleen and Milojevic, Stasa and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo %D = 2013 %I = Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved %T = Social Dynamics of Science %U = http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep01069

Global maps of science can be used as a reference system to chart career trajectories, the location of emerging research frontiers, or the expertise profiles of institutes or nations. This paper details data preparation, analysis, and layout performed when designing and subsequently updating the UCSD map of science and classification system. The original classification and map use 7.2 million papers and their references from Elsevier’s Scopus (about 15,000 source titles, 2001–2005) and Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science (WoS) Science, Social Science, Arts &amp; Humanities Citation Indexes (about 9,000 source titles, 2001–2004)–about 16,000 unique source titles. The updated map and classification adds six years (2005–2010) of WoS data and three years (2006–2008) from Scopus to the existing category structure–increasing the number of source titles to about 25,000. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a widely used map of science was updated. A comparison of the original 5-year and the new 10-year maps and classification system show (i) an increase in the total number of journals that can be mapped by 9,409 journals (social sciences had a 80% increase, humanities a 119% increase, medical (32%) and natural science (74%)), (ii) a simplification of the map by assigning all but five highly interdisciplinary journals to exactly one discipline, (iii) a more even distribution of journals over the 554 subdisciplines and 13 disciplines when calculating the coefficient of variation, and (iv) a better reflection of journal clusters when compared with paper-level citation data. When evaluating the map with a listing of desirable features for maps of science, the updated map is shown to have higher mapping accuracy, easier understandability as fewer journals are multiply classified, and higher usability for the generation of data overlays, among others.

@article{boerner2012design, author = {Börner, Katy and Klavans, Richard and Patek, Michael and Zoss, Angela M. and Biberstine, Joseph R. and Light, Robert P. and Larivière, Vincent and Boyack, Kevin W.}, title = {Design and Update of a Classification System: The UCSD Map of Science}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, year = {2012}, volume = {7}, number = {7}, pages = {e39464}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039464}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0039464}, keywords = {classification, gaw, map, science, scientometrics, sota, tool}, abstract = {Global maps of science can be used as a reference system to chart career trajectories, the location of emerging research frontiers, or the expertise profiles of institutes or nations. This paper details data preparation, analysis, and layout performed when designing and subsequently updating the UCSD map of science and classification system. The original classification and map use 7.2 million papers and their references from Elsevier’s Scopus (about 15,000 source titles, 2001–2005) and Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science (WoS) Science, Social Science, Arts &amp; Humanities Citation Indexes (about 9,000 source titles, 2001–2004)–about 16,000 unique source titles. The updated map and classification adds six years (2005–2010) of WoS data and three years (2006–2008) from Scopus to the existing category structure–increasing the number of source titles to about 25,000. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a widely used map of science was updated. A comparison of the original 5-year and the new 10-year maps and classification system show (i) an increase in the total number of journals that can be mapped by 9,409 journals (social sciences had a 80% increase, humanities a 119% increase, medical (32%) and natural science (74%)), (ii) a simplification of the map by assigning all but five highly interdisciplinary journals to exactly one discipline, (iii) a more even distribution of journals over the 554 subdisciplines and 13 disciplines when calculating the coefficient of variation, and (iv) a better reflection of journal clusters when compared with paper-level citation data. When evaluating the map with a listing of desirable features for maps of science, the updated map is shown to have higher mapping accuracy, easier understandability as fewer journals are multiply classified, and higher usability for the generation of data overlays, among others.} }

%0 = article %A = Börner, Katy and Klavans, Richard and Patek, Michael and Zoss, Angela M. and Biberstine, Joseph R. and Light, Robert P. and Larivière, Vincent and Boyack, Kevin W. %D = 2012 %I = Public Library of Science %T = Design and Update of a Classification System: The UCSD Map of Science %U = http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039464

Keeping up with rapidly growing research fields, especially when there are multiple interdisciplinary sources, requires substantial effort for researchers, program managers, or venture capital investors. Current theories and tools are directed at finding a paper or website, not gaining an understanding of the key papers, authors, controversies, and hypotheses. This report presents an effort to integrate statistics, text analytics, and visualization in a multiple coordinated window environment that supports exploration. Our prototype system, Action Science Explorer (ASE), provides an environment for demonstrating principles of coordination and conducting iterative usability tests of them with interested and knowledgeable users. We developed an understanding of the value of reference management, statistics, citation text extraction, natural language summarization for single and multiple documents, filters to interactively select key papers, and network visualization to see citation patterns and identify clusters. A three-phase usability study guided our revisions to ASE and led us to improve the testing methods.

@article{dunne2012rapid, author = {Dunne, Cody and Shneiderman, Ben and Gove, Robert and Klavans, Judith and Dorr, Bonnie}, title = {Rapid understanding of scientific paper collections: Integrating statistics, text analytics, and visualization}, journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology}, year = {2012}, volume = {63}, number = {12}, pages = {2351--2369}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.22652}, doi = {10.1002/asi.22652}, issn = {1532-2890}, keywords = {action, ase, citation, explorer, publication, science, sota, summarization, visualization}, abstract = {Keeping up with rapidly growing research fields, especially when there are multiple interdisciplinary sources, requires substantial effort for researchers, program managers, or venture capital investors. Current theories and tools are directed at finding a paper or website, not gaining an understanding of the key papers, authors, controversies, and hypotheses. This report presents an effort to integrate statistics, text analytics, and visualization in a multiple coordinated window environment that supports exploration. Our prototype system, Action Science Explorer (ASE), provides an environment for demonstrating principles of coordination and conducting iterative usability tests of them with interested and knowledgeable users. We developed an understanding of the value of reference management, statistics, citation text extraction, natural language summarization for single and multiple documents, filters to interactively select key papers, and network visualization to see citation patterns and identify clusters. A three-phase usability study guided our revisions to ASE and led us to improve the testing methods.} }

%0 = article %A = Dunne, Cody and Shneiderman, Ben and Gove, Robert and Klavans, Judith and Dorr, Bonnie %D = 2012 %T = Rapid understanding of scientific paper collections: Integrating statistics, text analytics, and visualization %U = http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.22652

Scientists spend an increasing amount of time building and using software. However, most scientists are never taught how to do this efficiently. As a result, many are unaware of tools and practices that would allow them to write more reliable and maintainable code with less effort. We describe a set of best practices for scientific software development that have solid foundations in research and experience, and that improve scientists' productivity and the reliability of their software.

@article{wilson2012practices, author = {Wilson, Greg and Aruliah, D. A. and Brown, C. Titus and Hong, Neil P. Chue and Davis, Matt and Guy, Richard T. and Haddock, Steven H. D. and Huff, Katy and Mitchell, Ian M. and Plumbley, Mark and Waugh, Ben and White, Ethan P. and Wilson, Paul}, title = {Best Practices for Scientific Computing}, journal = {CoRR}, year = {2012}, volume = {abs/1210.0530}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.0530}, keywords = {research, science, toread}, abstract = {Scientists spend an increasing amount of time building and using software. However, most scientists are never taught how to do this efficiently. As a result, many are unaware of tools and practices that would allow them to write more reliable and maintainable code with less effort. We describe a set of best practices for scientific software development that have solid foundations in research and experience, and that improve scientists' productivity and the reliability of their software.} }

%0 = article %A = Wilson, Greg and Aruliah, D. A. and Brown, C. Titus and Hong, Neil P. Chue and Davis, Matt and Guy, Richard T. and Haddock, Steven H. D. and Huff, Katy and Mitchell, Ian M. and Plumbley, Mark and Waugh, Ben and White, Ethan P. and Wilson, Paul %D = 2012 %T = Best Practices for Scientific Computing %U = http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.0530

Scientists spend an increasing amount of time building and using software. However, most scientists are never taught how to do this efficiently. As a result, many are unaware of tools and practices that would allow them to write more reliable and maintainable code with less effort. We describe a set of best practices for scientific software development that have solid foundations in research and experience, and that improve scientists' productivity and the reliability of their software.

@article{wilson2012practices, author = {Wilson, Greg and Aruliah, D. A. and Brown, C. Titus and Hong, Neil P. Chue and Davis, Matt and Guy, Richard T. and Haddock, Steven H. D. and Huff, Katy and Mitchell, Ian M. and Plumbley, Mark and Waugh, Ben and White, Ethan P. and Wilson, Paul}, title = {Best Practices for Scientific Computing}, journal = {CoRR}, year = {2012}, volume = {abs/1210.0530}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.0530}, keywords = {computing, programming, research, science}, abstract = {Scientists spend an increasing amount of time building and using software. However, most scientists are never taught how to do this efficiently. As a result, many are unaware of tools and practices that would allow them to write more reliable and maintainable code with less effort. We describe a set of best practices for scientific software development that have solid foundations in research and experience, and that improve scientists' productivity and the reliability of their software.} }

%0 = article %A = Wilson, Greg and Aruliah, D. A. and Brown, C. Titus and Hong, Neil P. Chue and Davis, Matt and Guy, Richard T. and Haddock, Steven H. D. and Huff, Katy and Mitchell, Ian M. and Plumbley, Mark and Waugh, Ben and White, Ethan P. and Wilson, Paul %D = 2012 %T = Best Practices for Scientific Computing %U = http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.0530

The VIVO project is creating an open, Semantic Web-based network of institutional ontology-driven databases to enable national discovery, networking, and collaboration via information sharing about researchers and their activities. The project has been funded by NIH to implement VIVO at the University of Florida, Cornell University, and Indiana University Bloomington together with four other partner institutions. Working with the Semantic Web/Linked Open Data community, the project will pilot the development of common ontologies, integration with institutional information sources and authentication, and national discovery and exploration of networks of researchers. Building on technology developed over the last five years at Cornell University, VIVO supports the flexible description and interrelation of people, organizations, activities, projects, publications, affiliations, and other entities and properties. VIVO itself is an open source Java application built on W3C Semantic Web standards, including RDF, OWL, and SPARQL. To create researcher profiles, VIVO draws on authoritative information from institutional databases, external data sources such as PubMed, and information provided directly by researchers themselves. While the NIH-funded project focuses on biomedical research, the current Cornell implementation of VIVO supports the full range of disciplines across the university, from music to mechanical engineering to management. There are many ways a person?s expertise may be discovered, through grants, presentations, courses and news releases, as well as through research statements or publications listed on their profile-resulting in the creation of implicit groups or networks of people based on a number of pre-identified, shared characteristics. In addition to formal authoritative information and relationships, VIVO can also support the creation of personal work groups and associated properties to represent the informal relationships evolving around collaboration.

@inproceedings{krafft2010enabling, author = {Krafft, Dean B. and Cappadona, Nicholas A. and Caruso, Brian and Corson-Rikert, Jon and Devare, Medha and Lowe, Brian J. and Collaboration, VIVO}, title = {VIVO: Enabling National Networking of Scientists}, booktitle = {WebSci10: Extending the Frontiers of Society On-Line}, year = {2010}, url = {http://journal.webscience.org/316/}, keywords = {gaw, network, research, science, university, vivo}, abstract = {The VIVO project is creating an open, Semantic Web-based network of institutional ontology-driven databases to enable national discovery, networking, and collaboration via information sharing about researchers and their activities. The project has been funded by NIH to implement VIVO at the University of Florida, Cornell University, and Indiana University Bloomington together with four other partner institutions. Working with the Semantic Web/Linked Open Data community, the project will pilot the development of common ontologies, integration with institutional information sources and authentication, and national discovery and exploration of networks of researchers. Building on technology developed over the last five years at Cornell University, VIVO supports the flexible description and interrelation of people, organizations, activities, projects, publications, affiliations, and other entities and properties. VIVO itself is an open source Java application built on W3C Semantic Web standards, including RDF, OWL, and SPARQL. To create researcher profiles, VIVO draws on authoritative information from institutional databases, external data sources such as PubMed, and information provided directly by researchers themselves. While the NIH-funded project focuses on biomedical research, the current Cornell implementation of VIVO supports the full range of disciplines across the university, from music to mechanical engineering to management. There are many ways a person?s expertise may be discovered, through grants, presentations, courses and news releases, as well as through research statements or publications listed on their profile--resulting in the creation of implicit groups or networks of people based on a number of pre-identified, shared characteristics. In addition to formal authoritative information and relationships, VIVO can also support the creation of personal work groups and associated properties to represent the informal relationships evolving around collaboration.} }

%0 = inproceedings %A = Krafft, Dean B. and Cappadona, Nicholas A. and Caruso, Brian and Corson-Rikert, Jon and Devare, Medha and Lowe, Brian J. and Collaboration, VIVO %B = WebSci10: Extending the Frontiers of Society On-Line %D = 2010 %T = VIVO: Enabling National Networking of Scientists %U = http://journal.webscience.org/316/

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative, although complementary, system for the evaluation of the scholarly activities of academic organizations, scholars and researchers, based on web indicators, in order to speed up the change of paradigm in scholarly communication towards a new fully electronic twenty-first century model. Design/methodology/approach – In order to achieve these goals, a new set of web indicators has been introduced, obtained mainly from data gathered from search engines, the new mediators of scholarly communication. Findings – It was found that three large groups of indicators are feasible to obtain and relevant for evaluation purposes: activity (web publication); impact (visibility) and usage (visits and visitors). As a proof of concept, a Ranking Web of Universities has been built with Webometrics data. There are two relevant findings: ranking results are similar to those obtained by other bibliometric-based rankings; and there is a concerning digital divide between North American and European universities, which appear in lower positions when compared with their USA and Canada counterparts. Research limitations/implications – Cybermetrics is still an emerging discipline, so new developments should be expected when more empirical data become available. Practical implications – The proposed approach suggests the publication of truly electronic journals, rather than digital versions of printed articles. Additional materials, such as raw data and multimedia files, should be included along with other relevant information arising from more informal activities. These repositories should be Open Access, available as part of the public web, indexed by the main commercial search engines. It is expected that these actions could generate larger web-based audiences, reduce the costs of publication and access and allow third parties to take advantage of the knowledge generated, without sacrificing peer review, which should be extended (pre- and post-) and expanded (closed and open). Originality/value – A full taxonomy of web indicators is introduced for describing and evaluating research activities, academic organizations and individual scholars and scientists. Previous attempts for building such classification were incomplete and did not take into account feasibility and efficiency.

@article{aguillo2009measuring, author = {Aguillo, Isidro}, title = {Measuring the institution's footprint in the web}, journal = {Library Hi Tech}, publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited}, address = {Bingley}, year = {2009}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {540--556}, url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1812469&show=abstract}, doi = {10.1108/073788309}, issn = {0737-8831}, keywords = {gaw, institution, science, scientometrics, university, web}, abstract = {Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative, although complementary, system for the evaluation of the scholarly activities of academic organizations, scholars and researchers, based on web indicators, in order to speed up the change of paradigm in scholarly communication towards a new fully electronic twenty-first century model. Design/methodology/approach – In order to achieve these goals, a new set of web indicators has been introduced, obtained mainly from data gathered from search engines, the new mediators of scholarly communication. Findings – It was found that three large groups of indicators are feasible to obtain and relevant for evaluation purposes: activity (web publication); impact (visibility) and usage (visits and visitors). As a proof of concept, a Ranking Web of Universities has been built with Webometrics data. There are two relevant findings: ranking results are similar to those obtained by other bibliometric-based rankings; and there is a concerning digital divide between North American and European universities, which appear in lower positions when compared with their USA and Canada counterparts. Research limitations/implications – Cybermetrics is still an emerging discipline, so new developments should be expected when more empirical data become available. Practical implications – The proposed approach suggests the publication of truly electronic journals, rather than digital versions of printed articles. Additional materials, such as raw data and multimedia files, should be included along with other relevant information arising from more informal activities. These repositories should be Open Access, available as part of the public web, indexed by the main commercial search engines. It is expected that these actions could generate larger web-based audiences, reduce the costs of publication and access and allow third parties to take advantage of the knowledge generated, without sacrificing peer review, which should be extended (pre- and post-) and expanded (closed and open). Originality/value – A full taxonomy of web indicators is introduced for describing and evaluating research activities, academic organizations and individual scholars and scientists. Previous attempts for building such classification were incomplete and did not take into account feasibility and efficiency.} }

%0 = article %A = Aguillo, Isidro %C = Bingley %D = 2009 %I = Emerald Group Publishing Limited %T = Measuring the institution's footprint in the web %U = http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1812469&show=abstract

The Scholarly Database aims to serve researchers and practitioners interested in the analysis, modelling, and visualization of large-scale data sets. A specific focus of this database is to support macro-evolutionary studies of science and to communicate findings via knowledge-domain visualizations. Currently, the database provides access to about 18 million publications, patents, and grants. About 90% of the publications are available in full text. Except for some datasets with restricted access conditions, the data can be retrieved in raw or pre-processed formats using either a web-based or a relational database client. This paper motivates the need for the database from the perspective of bibliometric/scientometric research. It explains the database design, setup, etc., and reports the temporal, geographical, and topic coverage of data sets currently served via the database. Planned work and the potential for this database to become a global testbed for information science research are discussed at the end of the paper.

@article{larowe2009scholarly, author = {La Rowe, Gavin and Ambre, Sumeet and Burgoon, John and Ke, Weimao and Börner, Katy}, title = {The Scholarly Database and its utility for scientometrics research}, journal = {Scientometrics}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, year = {2009}, volume = {79}, number = {2}, pages = {219--234}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0414-2}, doi = {10.1007/s11192-009-0414-2}, issn = {0138-9130}, keywords = {analysis, database, dataset, gaw, science, scientometrics, sdb, sota}, abstract = {The Scholarly Database aims to serve researchers and practitioners interested in the analysis, modelling, and visualization of large-scale data sets. A specific focus of this database is to support macro-evolutionary studies of science and to communicate findings via knowledge-domain visualizations. Currently, the database provides access to about 18 million publications, patents, and grants. About 90% of the publications are available in full text. Except for some datasets with restricted access conditions, the data can be retrieved in raw or pre-processed formats using either a web-based or a relational database client. This paper motivates the need for the database from the perspective of bibliometric/scientometric research. It explains the database design, setup, etc., and reports the temporal, geographical, and topic coverage of data sets currently served via the database. Planned work and the potential for this database to become a global testbed for information science research are discussed at the end of the paper.} }

%0 = article %A = La Rowe, Gavin and Ambre, Sumeet and Burgoon, John and Ke, Weimao and Börner, Katy %D = 2009 %I = Springer Netherlands %T = The Scholarly Database and its utility for scientometrics research %U = http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0414-2

The DBLP Computer Science Bibliography evolved from an early small experimental Web server to a popular service for the computer science community. Many design decisions and details of the public XML-records behind DBLP never were documented. This paper is a review of the evolution of DBLP. The main perspective is data modeling. In DBLP persons play a central role, our discussion of person names may be applicable to many other data bases. All DBLP data are available for your own experiments. You may either download the complete set, or use a simple XML-based API described in an online appendix.

@article{ley2009lessons, author = {Ley, Michael}, title = {DBLP: some lessons learned}, journal = {Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment}, publisher = {VLDB Endowment}, year = {2009}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {1493--1500}, url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1687553.1687577}, issn = {2150-8097}, keywords = {analysis, author, bibliography, citation, computer, dblp, entity, extraction, identification, ie, information, named, resolution, science}, abstract = {The DBLP Computer Science Bibliography evolved from an early small experimental Web server to a popular service for the computer science community. Many design decisions and details of the public XML-records behind DBLP never were documented. This paper is a review of the evolution of DBLP. The main perspective is data modeling. In DBLP persons play a central role, our discussion of person names may be applicable to many other data bases. All DBLP data are available for your own experiments. You may either download the complete set, or use a simple XML-based API described in an online appendix.} }

%0 = article %A = Ley, Michael %D = 2009 %I = VLDB Endowment %T = DBLP: some lessons learned %U = http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1687553.1687577

A visual display of the most important universities in the world is the aim of this paper. It shows the topological characteristics and describes the web relationships among universities of different countries and continents. The first 1000 higher education institutions from the Ranking Web of World Universities were selected and their link relationships were obtained from Yahoo! Search. Network graphs and geographical maps were built from the search engine data. Social network analysis techniques were used to analyse and describe the structural properties of the whole of the network and its nodes. The results show that the world-class university network is constituted from national sub-networks that merge in a central core where the principal universities of each country pull their networks toward international link relationships. The United States dominates the world network, and within Europe the British and the German sub-networks stand out.

@article{ortega2009mapping, author = {Ortega, Jose Luis and Aguillo, Isidro F.}, title = {Mapping world-class universities on the web}, journal = {Information Processing & Management}, year = {2009}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {272--279}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306457308001015}, doi = {10.1016/j.ipm.2008.10.001}, issn = {0306-4573}, keywords = {mapping, science, scientometrics, university, web}, abstract = {A visual display of the most important universities in the world is the aim of this paper. It shows the topological characteristics and describes the web relationships among universities of different countries and continents. The first 1000 higher education institutions from the Ranking Web of World Universities were selected and their link relationships were obtained from Yahoo! Search. Network graphs and geographical maps were built from the search engine data. Social network analysis techniques were used to analyse and describe the structural properties of the whole of the network and its nodes. The results show that the world-class university network is constituted from national sub-networks that merge in a central core where the principal universities of each country pull their networks toward international link relationships. The United States dominates the world network, and within Europe the British and the German sub-networks stand out.} }

%0 = article %A = Ortega, Jose Luis and Aguillo, Isidro F. %D = 2009 %T = Mapping world-class universities on the web %U = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306457308001015

Dieser Beitrag untersucht, in welchem Umfang Dokumente von Dokumentenservern wissenschaftlicher Institutionen in den allgemeinen Suchmaschinen Google und Yahoo nachgewiesen sind und inwieweit wissenschaftliche Suchmaschinen für die Suche nach solchen Dokumenten besser geeignet sind. Dazu werden die fünf Suchmaschinen BASE, Google Scholar, OAIster, Scientific Commons und Scirus überblickartig beschrieben und miteinander verglichen. Hauptaugenmerk wird dabei auf die unterschiedlichen Inhalte, Suchfunktionen und Ausgabemöglichkeiten gelegt, mit Hilfe eines Retrievaltests wird speziell die Leistungsfähigkeit der Suchmaschinen beim Auffinden von Dokumenten, deren Volltexte im Sinne des Open Access direkt und ohne Beschränkungen aufrufbar sind, untersucht.

@incollection{pieper2009wissenschaftliche, author = {Pieper, Dirk and Wolf, Sebastian}, title = {Wissenschaftliche Dokumente in Suchmaschinen}, editor = {Dirk, Lewandowski}, booktitle = {Handbuch Internet-Suchmaschinen: Nutzerorientierung in Wissenschaft und Praxis}, publisher = {Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft AKA}, year = {2009}, pages = {356--374}, url = {http://eprints.rclis.org/12746/}, keywords = {engine, gaw, publication, research, science, search}, abstract = {Dieser Beitrag untersucht, in welchem Umfang Dokumente von Dokumentenservern wissenschaftlicher Institutionen in den allgemeinen Suchmaschinen Google und Yahoo nachgewiesen sind und inwieweit wissenschaftliche Suchmaschinen für die Suche nach solchen Dokumenten besser geeignet sind. Dazu werden die fünf Suchmaschinen BASE, Google Scholar, OAIster, Scientific Commons und Scirus überblickartig beschrieben und miteinander verglichen. Hauptaugenmerk wird dabei auf die unterschiedlichen Inhalte, Suchfunktionen und Ausgabemöglichkeiten gelegt, mit Hilfe eines Retrievaltests wird speziell die Leistungsfähigkeit der Suchmaschinen beim Auffinden von Dokumenten, deren Volltexte im Sinne des Open Access direkt und ohne Beschränkungen aufrufbar sind, untersucht.} }

%0 = incollection %A = Pieper, Dirk and Wolf, Sebastian %B = Handbuch Internet-Suchmaschinen: Nutzerorientierung in Wissenschaft und Praxis %D = 2009 %I = Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft AKA %T = Wissenschaftliche Dokumente in Suchmaschinen %U = http://eprints.rclis.org/12746/

This paper shows maps of the web presence of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) on the level of universities using hyperlinks and analyses the topology of the European academic network. Its purpose is to combine methods from Social Network Analysis (SNA) and cybermetric techniques in order to ask for tendencies of integration of the European universities visible in their web presence and the role of different universities in the process of the emergence of an European Research Area. We find as a main result that the European network is set up by the aggregation of well-defined national networks, whereby the German and British networks are dominant. The national networks are connected to each other through outstanding national universities in each country.

@article{ortega2008academic, author = {Ortega, Jose and Aguillo, Isidro and Cothey, Viv and Scharnhorst, Andrea}, title = {Maps of the academic web in the European Higher Education Area — an exploration of visual web indicators}, journal = {Scientometrics}, publisher = {Akadémiai Kiadó}, year = {2008}, volume = {74}, number = {2}, pages = {295--308}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-008-0218-9}, doi = {10.1007/s11192-008-0218-9}, issn = {0138-9130}, keywords = {map, science, scientometrics, university, web}, abstract = {This paper shows maps of the web presence of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) on the level of universities using hyperlinks and analyses the topology of the European academic network. Its purpose is to combine methods from Social Network Analysis (SNA) and cybermetric techniques in order to ask for tendencies of integration of the European universities visible in their web presence and the role of different universities in the process of the emergence of an European Research Area. We find as a main result that the European network is set up by the aggregation of well-defined national networks, whereby the German and British networks are dominant. The national networks are connected to each other through outstanding national universities in each country.} }

%0 = article %A = Ortega, Jose and Aguillo, Isidro and Cothey, Viv and Scharnhorst, Andrea %D = 2008 %I = Akadémiai Kiadó %T = Maps of the academic web in the European Higher Education Area — an exploration of visual web indicators %U = http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-008-0218-9

@other{easterbrook2007basics, author = {Easterbrook, Steve}, title = {Basics of Doing Research}, series = {Empirical Research Methods in SE}, year = {2007}, url = {http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~sme/CSC2130/slides/04-basics.pdf}, keywords = {research, science} }

%0 = other %A = Easterbrook, Steve %B = } %C = %D = 2007 %I = %T = Basics of Doing Research} %U = http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~sme/CSC2130/slides/04-basics.pdf

We describe the design and performance of WebBase, a tool for Web research. The system includes a highly customizable crawler, a repository for collected Web pages, an indexer for both text and link-related page features, and a high-speed content distribution facility. The distribution module enables researchers world-wide to retrieve pages from WebBase, and stream them across the Internet at high speed. The advantage for the researchers is that they need not all crawl the Web before beginning their research. WebBase has been used by scores of research and teaching organizations world-wide, mostly for investigations into Web topology and linguistic content analysis. After describing the system's architecture, we explain our engineering decisions for each of the WebBase components, and present respective performance measurements.

@article{cho2006stanford, author = {Cho, Junghoo and Garcia-Molina, Hector and Haveliwala, Taher and Lam, Wang and Paepcke, Andreas and Raghavan, Sriram and Wesley, Gary}, title = {Stanford WebBase components and applications}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Internet Technology}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, year = {2006}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {153--186}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1149121.1149124}, doi = {10.1145/1149121.1149124}, issn = {1533-5399}, keywords = {analysis, archive, crawling, research, science, search, stream, web, webbase}, abstract = {We describe the design and performance of WebBase, a tool for Web research. The system includes a highly customizable crawler, a repository for collected Web pages, an indexer for both text and link-related page features, and a high-speed content distribution facility. The distribution module enables researchers world-wide to retrieve pages from WebBase, and stream them across the Internet at high speed. The advantage for the researchers is that they need not all crawl the Web before beginning their research. WebBase has been used by scores of research and teaching organizations world-wide, mostly for investigations into Web topology and linguistic content analysis. After describing the system's architecture, we explain our engineering decisions for each of the WebBase components, and present respective performance measurements.} }

%0 = article %A = Cho, Junghoo and Garcia-Molina, Hector and Haveliwala, Taher and Lam, Wang and Paepcke, Andreas and Raghavan, Sriram and Wesley, Gary %C = New York, NY, USA %D = 2006 %I = ACM %T = Stanford WebBase components and applications %U = http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1149121.1149124

Carl Freedman traces the fundamental and mostly unexamined relationships between the discourses of science fiction and critical theory, arguing that science fiction is (or ought to be) a privileged genre for critical theory. He asserts that it is no accident that the upsurge of academic interest in science fiction since the 1970s coincides with the heyday of literary theory, and that likewise science fiction is one of the most theoretically informed areas of the literary profession. Extended readings of novels by five of the most important modern science fiction authors illustrate the affinity between science fiction and critical theory, in each case concentrating on one major novel that resonates with concerns proper to critical theory.<br> <br> Freedman's five readings are: Solaris: Stanislaw Lem and the Structure of Cognition; The Dispossessed: Ursula LeGuin and the Ambiguities of Utopia; The Two of Them: Joanna Russ and the Violence of Gender; Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand: Samuel Delany and the Dialectics of Difference; The Man in the High Castle: Philip K. Dick and the Construction of Realities. Summary hebis

@book{freedman2000critical, author = {Freedman, Carl Howard}, title = {Critical theory and science fiction}, publisher = {Wesleyan Univ. Press ˜[u.a.]œ}, address = {Hanover ˜[u.a.] œ}, year = {2000}, url = {http://scans.hebis.de/HEBCGI/show.pl?09494053_toc.pdf}, isbn = {9780819563996}, keywords = {Science, Fictons, Work}, abstract = {Carl Freedman traces the fundamental and mostly unexamined relationships between the discourses of science fiction and critical theory, arguing that science fiction is (or ought to be) a privileged genre for critical theory. He asserts that it is no accident that the upsurge of academic interest in science fiction since the 1970s coincides with the heyday of literary theory, and that likewise science fiction is one of the most theoretically informed areas of the literary profession. Extended readings of novels by five of the most important modern science fiction authors illustrate the affinity between science fiction and critical theory, in each case concentrating on one major novel that resonates with concerns proper to critical theory.<br> <br> Freedman's five readings are: Solaris: Stanislaw Lem and the Structure of Cognition; The Dispossessed: Ursula LeGuin and the Ambiguities of Utopia; The Two of Them: Joanna Russ and the Violence of Gender; Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand: Samuel Delany and the Dialectics of Difference; The Man in the High Castle: Philip K. Dick and the Construction of Realities. Summary hebis} }

%0 = book %A = Freedman, Carl Howard %C = Hanover ˜[u.a.] œ %D = 2000 %I = Wesleyan Univ. Press ˜[u.a.]œ %T = Critical theory and science fiction %U = http://scans.hebis.de/HEBCGI/show.pl?09494053_toc.pdf