Co-citation analysis and the search for invisible colleges: A methodological evaluation
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Scientometrics 57 (1): 27--57 (May 2003)

Abstract  After 30 years of research, co-citation analysis has become the dominant method for the empirical study of the structures of scientific communication. There is a considerable variety of methods and, at the same time, a lack of methodological evaluation.This paper summarizes the present state of co-citation analysis and presents several methods of clustering references. Thedatabase used is a selection of 2,114 documents in the field of organization studies from 1986-2000. The evaluative studyshows that the choice of methods has a strong impact on the results created. It also shows that the methods of cluster andfactor analysis hitherto used have only a limited value in differentiating clearly between schools of scientific research- the 'invisible colleges'.
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