@inproceedings{christiaens2006metadata,
  abstract = {In this paper we give a brief overview of different metadata mechanisms (like ontologies and folksonomies) and how they relate to each other. We identify major strengths and weaknesses of these mechanisms. We claim that these mechanisms can be classified from restricted (e.g., ontology) to free (e.g., free text tagging). In our view, these mechanisms should not be used in isolation, but rather as complementary solutions, in a continuous process wherein the strong points of one increase the semantic depth of the other. We give an overview of early active research already going on in this direction and propose that methodologies to support this process be developed. We demonstrate a possible approach, in which we mix tagging, taxonomy and ontology.},
  author = {Christiaens, Stijn},
  booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science: On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2006: OTM 2006 Workshops},
  file = {christiaens2006metadata.pdf:christiaens2006metadata.pdf:PDF},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {f733d993459329ed1ef9f26d303ba0d9},
  intrahash = {efc1396e845f3db1688dc8ef154d9520},
  lastdatemodified = {2007-01-04},
  lastname = {Christiaens},
  own = {notown},
  pdf = {christiaens06-metadata.pdf},
  publisher = {Springer},
  read = {notread},
  timestamp = {2007-09-11 13:31:23},
  title = {Metadata Mechanisms: From Ontology to Folksonomy ... and Back},
  url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/m370107220473394},
  username = {dbenz},
  workshoppub = {1},
  year = 2006
}

@inproceedings{veres2006language,
  abstract = {Folksonomies are classification schemes that emerge from the collective actions of users who tag resources with an unrestricted set of key terms. There has been a flurry of activity in this domain recently with a number of high profile web sites and search engines adopting the practice. They have sparked a great deal of excitement and debate in the popular and technical literature, accompanied by a number of analyses of the statistical properties of tagging behavior. However, none has addressed the deep nature of folksonomies. What is the nature of a tag? Where does it come from? How is it related to a resource? In this paper we present a study in which the linguistic properties of folksonomies reveal them to contain, on the one hand, tags that are similar to standard categories in taxonomies. But on the other hand, they contain additional tags to describe class properties. The implications of the findings for the relationship between folksonomy and ontology are discussed.},
  address = {Berlin / Heidelberg},
  author = {Veres, Csaba},
  booktitle = {Natural Language Processing and Information Systems},
  file = {veres2006language.pdf:veres2006language.pdf:PDF},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {1787dec43f3c11153fc9d2617af8829c},
  intrahash = {617763caa416f98b398cd2b2f71338ee},
  lastdatemodified = {2006-09-30},
  lastname = {Veres},
  month = {July},
  own = {notown},
  pages = {58-69},
  pdf = {veres06-language.pdf},
  publisher = {Springer},
  read = {notread},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  timestamp = {2007-09-11 13:31:39},
  title = {The Language of Folksonomies: What Tags Reveal About User Classification.},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11765448_6},
  username = {dbenz},
  volume = {3999/2006},
  year = 2006
}

@article{golder2006structurec,
  abstract = {Collaborative tagging describes the process by which many users add metadata in the form of keywords to shared content. Recently, collaborative tagging has grown in popularity on the web, on sites that allow users to tag bookmarks, photographs and other content. In this paper we analyze the structure of collaborative tagging systems as well as their dynamical aspects. Specifically, we discovered regularities in user activity, tag frequencies, kinds of tags used, bursts of popularity in bookmarking and a remarkable stability in the relative proportions of tags within a given url. We also present a dynamical model of collaborative tagging that predicts these stable patterns and relates them to imitation and shared knowledge.},
  author = {Golder, Scott and Huberman, Bernardo A.},
  file = {golder2006structure.pdf:golder2006structure.pdf:PDF},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {03565ad9c6fc315068e528a53ed158ae},
  intrahash = {f26e96f09d59ba7d33d5339fa5d4891b},
  journal = {Journal of Information Sciences},
  journalpub = {1},
  lastdatemodified = {2007-04-27},
  lastname = {Golder},
  month = {April},
  number = 2,
  own = {own},
  pages = {198--208},
  pdf = {golder06-structure.pdf},
  read = {readnext},
  timestamp = {2011-01-28 11:35:13},
  title = {The Structure of Collaborative Tagging Systems},
  url = {http://.hpl.hp.com/research/idl/papers/tags/index.html},
  username = {dbenz},
  volume = 32,
  year = 2006
}

@article{cattuto2006semiotic,
  abstract = {Abstract A distributed classification paradigm known as collaborative tagging has been successfully deployed in large-scale web applications designed to manage and share diverse online resources. Users of these applications organize resources by associating with them freely chosen text labels, or tags. Here we regard tags as basic dynamical entities and study the semiotic dynamics underlying collaborative tagging. We collect data from a popular system and focus on tags associated with a given resource. We find that the frequencies of tags obey to a generalized Zipf�s law and show that a Yule�Simon process with memory can be used to explain the observed frequency distributions in terms of a simple model of user behavior},
  author = {Cattuto, Ciro},
  file = {cattuto2006semiotic.pdf:cattuto2006semiotic.pdf:PDF},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {6651fe8b8916e8407f738325c092b860},
  intrahash = {df2a1161a75e3f328f82c204f942bb8a},
  journal = {The European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields},
  journalpub = {1},
  lastdatemodified = {2006-09-25},
  lastname = {Cattuto},
  longnotes = {doi:10.1140/epjcd/s2006-03-004-4},
  month = {August},
  own = {notown},
  pages = {33--37},
  pdf = {cattuto2006-semiotic.pdf},
  read = {notread},
  timestamp = {2007-09-11 13:31:22},
  title = {Semiotic dynamics in online social communities},
  url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/t964j63030507341},
  username = {dbenz},
  volume = 46,
  year = 2006
}

@article{cattuto2007semiotic,
  abstract = {Collaborative tagging has been quickly gaining ground because of its ability to recruit the activity of web users into effectively organizing and sharing vast amounts of information. Here we collect data from a popular system and investigate the statistical properties of tag co-occurrence. We introduce a stochastic model of user behavior embodying two main aspects of collaborative tagging: (i) a frequency-bias mechanism related to the idea that users are exposed to each other's tagging activity; (ii) a notion of memory - or aging of resources - in the form of a heavy-tailed access to the past state of the system. Remarkably, our simple modeling is able to account quantitatively for the observed experimental features, with a surprisingly high accuracy. This points in the direction of a universal behavior of users, who - despite the complexity of their own cognitive processes and the uncoordinated and selfish nature of their tagging activity - appear to follow simple activity patterns.},
  author = {Cattuto, Ciro and Loreto, Vittorio and Pietronero, Luciano},
  file = {cattuto2007semiotic.pdf:cattuto2007semiotic.pdf:PDF},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {189402152f540f931a0eea5b8538411f},
  intrahash = {95a8e6a348e0acde9ce781004c45b94e},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America},
  journalpub = {1},
  lastdatemodified = {2007-05-14},
  lastname = {Cattuto},
  own = {notown},
  pages = 1461,
  pdf = {cattuto06-collaborative.pdf},
  read = {notread},
  timestamp = {2007-09-11 13:31:22},
  title = {Semiotic Dynamics and Collaborative Tagging},
  url = {http://www.citebase.org/abstract?id=oai:arXiv.org:cs/0605015},
  username = {dbenz},
  volume = 104,
  year = 2007
}

@inproceedings{marlow2006position,
  abstract = {In recent years, tagging systems have become increasingly popular. These systems enable users to add keywords (i.e., �tags�) to Internet resources (e.g., web pages, images, videos) without relying on a controlled vocabulary. Tagging systems have the potential to improve search, spam detection, reputation systems, and personal organization while introducing new modalities of social communication and opportunities for data mining. This potential is largely due to the social structure that underlies many of the current systems. Despite the rapid expansion of applications that support tagging of resources, tagging systems are still not well studied or understood. In this paper, we provide a short description of the academic related work to date. We offer a model of tagging systems, specifically in the context of web-based systems, to help us illustrate the possible benefits of these tools. Since many such systems already exist, we provide a taxonomy of tagging systems to help inform their analysis and design, and thus enable researchers to frame and compare evidence for the sustainability of such systems. We also provide a simple taxonomy of incentives and contribution models to inform potential evaluative frameworks. While this work does not present comprehensive empirical results, we present a preliminary study of the photosharing and tagging system Flickr to demonstrate our model and explore some of the issues in one sample system. This analysis helps us outline and motivate possible future directions of research in tagging systems.},
  address = {Edinburgh, Scotland},
  author = {Marlow, Cameron and Naaman, Mor and Boyd, Danah and Davis, Marc},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Collaborative Web Tagging Workshop at the WWW 2006},
  file = {marlow2006position.pdf:marlow2006position.pdf:PDF},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {7446351e0d902ee4f36fb750f82c50a5},
  intrahash = {d9f433de0945351fa2157c1424d9fe67},
  lastdatemodified = {2006-07-17},
  lastname = {Marlow},
  month = May,
  own = {own},
  pdf = {marlow06-tagging.pdf},
  read = {readnext},
  timestamp = {2007-09-11 13:31:31},
  title = {{Position Paper, Tagging, Taxonomy, Flickr, Article, ToRead}},
  url = {http://.rawsugar.com/www2006/cfp.html},
  username = {dbenz},
  year = 2006
}

@inproceedings{veres2006concept,
  abstract = {The recent popularity of social software in the wake of the much hyped "Web2.0" has resulted in a flurry of activity around folksonomies, the emergent systems of classification that result from making public the individual users’ personal classifications in the form of simple free form "tags". Several approaches have emerged in the analysis of these folksonomies including mathematical approaches for clustering and identifying affinities, social theories about cultural factors in tagging, and cognitive theories about their mental underpinnings. In this paper we argue that the most useful analysis is in terms of mental phenomena since naive classification is essentially a cognitive task. We then describe a method for extracting structural properties of free form user tags, based on the linguistic properties of the tags. This reveals some deep insights in the conceptual modeling behavior of naive users. Finally we explore the usefulness of the latent structural properties of free form "tag clouds" for interoperability between folksonomies from different services.},
  author = {Veres, C.},
  booktitle = {Conceptual Modeling - ER 2006},
  file = {veres2006concept.pdf:veres2006concept.pdf:PDF},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {ce1a0dcac78702811f22fe3dc41bc46e},
  intrahash = {13540d1afb327c09e9c894a011b6450a},
  lastdatemodified = {2007-01-08},
  lastname = {Veres},
  own = {notown},
  pages = {325--338},
  pdf = {veres06-concept.pdf},
  read = {notread},
  timestamp = {2009-09-02 13:26:48},
  title = {Concept Modeling by the Masses: Folksonomy Structure and Interoperability},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11901181_25},
  username = {dbenz},
  year = 2006
}