TY - JOUR AU - Barabási, Albert-László T1 - Network science JO - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences PY - 2013/ VL - 371 IS - 1987 SP - EP - UR - http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1987/20120375.abstract DO - 10.1098/rsta.2012.0375 KW - analysis KW - network KW - sna KW - social KW - webscience L1 - SN - N1 - N1 - AB - Professor Barabási's talk described how the tools of network science can help understand the Web's structure, development and weaknesses. The Web is an information network, in which the nodes are documents (at the time of writing over one trillion of them), connected by links. Other well-known network structures include the Internet, a physical network where the nodes are routers and the links are physical connections, and organizations, where the nodes are people and the links represent communications. ER - TY - JOUR AU - Berners-Lee, Tim AU - O’Hara, Kieron T1 - The read–write Linked Data Web JO - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences PY - 2013/ VL - 371 IS - 1987 SP - EP - UR - http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1987/20120513.abstract DO - 10.1098/rsta.2012.0513 KW - data KW - linked KW - lod KW - open KW - web KW - webscience L1 - SN - N1 - N1 - AB - This paper discusses issues that will affect the future development of the Web, either increasing its power and utility, or alternatively suppressing its development. It argues for the importance of the continued development of the Linked Data Web, and describes the use of linked open data as an important component of that. Second, the paper defends the Web as a read–write medium, and goes on to consider how the read–write Linked Data Web could be achieved. ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chayes, Jennifer T1 - Mathematics of Web science: structure, dynamics and incentives JO - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences PY - 2013/ VL - 371 IS - 1987 SP - EP - UR - http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1987/20120377.abstract DO - 10.1098/rsta.2012.0377 KW - dynamics KW - incentive KW - math KW - structure KW - webscience L1 - SN - N1 - N1 - AB - Dr Chayes’ talk described how, to a discrete mathematician, ‘all the world’s a graph, and all the people and domains merely vertices’. A graph is represented as a set of vertices V and a set of edges E, so that, for instance, in the World Wide Web, V is the set of pages and E the directed hyperlinks; in a social network, V is the people and E the set of relationships; and in the autonomous system Internet, V is the set of autonomous systems (such as AOL, Yahoo! and MSN) and E the set of connections. This means that mathematics can be used to study the Web (and other large graphs in the online world) in the following way: first, we can model online networks as large finite graphs; second, we can sample pieces of these graphs; third, we can understand and then control processes on these graphs; and fourth, we can develop algorithms for these graphs and apply them to improve the online experience. ER - TY - JOUR AU - Karger, David T1 - Standards opportunities around data-bearing Web pages JO - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences PY - 2013/03 VL - 371 IS - 1987 SP - EP - UR - http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1987/20120381.abstract DO - 10.1098/rsta.2012.0381 KW - data KW - standard KW - web KW - webscience L1 - SN - N1 - N1 - AB - The evolving Web has seen ever-growing use of structured data, thanks to the way it enhances information authoring, querying, visualization and sharing. To date, however, most structured data authoring and management tools have been oriented towards programmers and Web developers. End users have been left behind, unable to leverage structured data for information management and communication as well as professionals. In this paper, I will argue that many of the benefits of structured data management can be provided to end users as well. I will describe an approach and tools that allow end users to define their own schemas (without knowing what a schema is), manage data and author (not program) interactive Web visualizations of that data using the Web tools with which they are already familiar, such as plain Web pages, blogs, wikis and WYSIWYG document editors. I will describe our experience deploying these tools and some lessons relevant to their future evolution. ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kermarrec, Anne-Marie T1 - Towards a personalized Internet: a case for a full decentralization JO - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences PY - 2013/03 VL - 371 IS - 1987 SP - EP - UR - http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1987/20120380.abstract DO - 10.1098/rsta.2012.0380 KW - decentralization KW - internet KW - personalization KW - webscience L1 - SN - N1 - N1 - AB - The Web has become a user-centric platform where users post, share, annotate, comment and forward content be it text, videos, pictures, URLs, etc. This social dimension creates tremendous new opportunities for information exchange over the Internet, as exemplified by the surprising and exponential growth of social networks and collaborative platforms. Yet, niche content is sometimes difficult to retrieve using traditional search engines because they target the mass rather than the individual. Likewise, relieving users from useless notification is tricky in a world where there is so much information and so little of interest for each and every one of us. We argue that ultra-specific content could be retrieved and disseminated should search and notification be personalized to fit this new setting. We also argue that users’ interests should be implicitly captured by the system rather than relying on explicit classifications simply because the world is by nature unstructured, dynamic and users do not want to be hampered in their actions by a tight and static framework. In this paper, we review some existing personalization approaches, most of which are centralized. We then advocate the need for fully decentralized systems because personalization raises two main issues. Firstly, personalization requires information to be stored and maintained at a user granularity which can significantly hurt the scalability of a centralized solution. Secondly, at a time when the ‘big brother is watching you’ attitude is prominent, users may be more and more reluctant to give away their personal data to the few large companies that can afford such personalization. We start by showing how to achieve personalization in decentralized systems and conclude with the research agenda ahead. ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kleinberg, Jon T1 - Analysis of large-scale social and information networks JO - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences PY - 2013/03 VL - 371 IS - 1987 SP - EP - UR - http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1987/20120378.abstract DO - 10.1098/rsta.2012.0378 KW - analysis KW - information KW - network KW - sna KW - social KW - webscience L1 - SN - N1 - N1 - AB - The growth of the Web has required us to think about the design of information systems in which large-scale computational and social feedback effects are simultaneously at work. At the same time, the data generated by Web-scale systems—recording the ways in which millions of participants create content, link information, form groups and communicate with one another—have made it possible to evaluate long-standing theories of social interaction, and to formulate new theories based on what we observe. These developments have created a new level of interaction between computing and the social sciences, enriching the perspectives of both of these disciplines. We discuss some of the observations, theories and conclusions that have grown from the study of Web-scale social interaction, focusing on issues including the mechanisms by which people join groups, the ways in which different groups are linked together in social networks and the interplay of positive and negative interactions in these networks. ER - TY - JOUR AU - Robertson, David AU - Giunchiglia, Fausto T1 - Programming the social computer JO - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences PY - 2013/03 VL - 371 IS - 1987 SP - EP - UR - http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1987/20120379.abstract DO - 10.1098/rsta.2012.0379 KW - collective KW - computing KW - human KW - intelligence KW - programming KW - social KW - webscience L1 - SN - N1 - N1 - AB - The aim of ‘programming the global computer’ was identified by Milner and others as one of the grand challenges of computing research. At the time this phrase was coined, it was natural to assume that this objective might be achieved primarily through extending programming and specification languages. The Internet, however, has brought with it a different style of computation that (although harnessing variants of traditional programming languages) operates in a style different to those with which we are familiar. The ‘computer’ on which we are running these computations is a social computer in the sense that many of the elementary functions of the computations it runs are performed by humans, and successful execution of a program often depends on properties of the human society over which the program operates. These sorts of programs are not programmed in a traditional way and may have to be understood in a way that is different from the traditional view of programming. This shift in perspective raises new challenges for the science of the Web and for computing in general. ER - TY - JOUR AU - von Ahn, Luis T1 - Augmented intelligence: the Web and human intelligence JO - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences PY - 2013/03 VL - 371 IS - 1987 SP - EP - UR - http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1987/20120383.short DO - 10.1098/rsta.2012.0383 KW - augmented KW - collective KW - human KW - intelligence KW - web KW - webscience L1 - SN - N1 - N1 - AB - ER - TY - JOUR AU - Berners-Lee, Tim AU - Hall, Wendy AU - Hendler, James AU - Shadbolt, Nigel AU - Weitzner, Daniel J. T1 - Creating a Science of the Web JO - Science PY - 2006/ VL - 313 IS - 5788 SP - 769 EP - 771 UR - http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5788/769.short DO - 10.1126/science.1126902 KW - science KW - web KW - webscience L1 - SN - N1 - N1 - AB - Since its inception, the World Wide Web has changed the ways scientists communicate, collaborate, and educate. There is, however, a growing realization among many researchers that a clear research agenda aimed at understanding the current, evolving, and potential Web is needed. If we want to model the Web; if we want to understand the architectural principles that have provided for its growth; and if we want to be sure that it supports the basic social values of trustworthiness, privacy, and respect for social boundaries, then we must chart out a research agenda that targets the Web as a primary focus of attention. ER -