@techreport{elahmad2011robustness,
  abstract = {We report a novel attack on two CAPTCHAs that have been widely deployed on the Internet, one being Google's home design and the other acquired by Google (i.e. reCAPTCHA). With a minor change, our attack program also works well on the latest ReCAPTCHA version, which uses a new defence mechanism that was unknown to us when we designed our attack. This suggests that our attack works in a fundamental level. Our attack appears to be applicable to a whole family of text CAPTCHAs that build on top of the popular segmentation-resistant mechanism of "crowding character together" for security. Next, we propose a novel framework that guides the application of our well-tested security engineering methodology for evaluating CAPTCHA robustness, and we propose a new general principle for CAPTCHA design. },
  author = {El Ahmad, Ahmad S and Yan, Jeff and Tayara, Mohamad},
  institution = {School of Computer Science, Newcastle University, UK},
  interhash = {2d6bb0b3bad1f6a01c15e1bbd8bd7158},
  intrahash = {3516bc8c24b04f63927808e82824004d},
  month = may,
  title = {The Robustness of Google CAPTCHAs},
  url = {http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/jeff.yan/google.pdf},
  year = 2011
}