@article{Heisswolf2009, abstract = {In the literature, various environmental factors are described as being capable of influencing the reproductive output of insect females irrespective of their body size. Still, female body size or weight is widely used as a proxy for fecundity. In the present study, a seven-year data set on the autumnal moth, Epirrita autumnata (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), was used to analyze whether the body weight-fecundity relationship in this capital breeding, cyclic forest defoliating lepidopteran is constant across years. Ambient temperature conditions and density of conspecifics during larval development, the length of the pupal period, as well as moth densities in the parent generation were examined as factors capable of modifying the body weight-fecundity relationship. While the regression slope of potential fecundity (total egg numbers per female) on pupal mass was constant across years, the mean total egg number per given body weight (the regression intercept) was significantly different between years. This residual variance in egg numbers after controlling for the effect of pupal mass was best explained by the pooled geometrid density (autumnal and winter moths) in the parent generation. The total egg number per given body weight decreased with increasing density of geometrid moths in the parent generation. Thus, maternal density effects on offspring fecundity were found in this system. Their rather weak nature suggests, however, that this maternal effect alone does not have the potential of causing cyclic population dynamics in the autumnal moth.}, author = {Heisswolf, Annette and Klemola, Tero and Andersson, Tommi and Ruohomäki, Kai}, interhash = {f8a6227fb8eb4771b1dd70bc56764359}, intrahash = {4d59402af454f1e42af4a86ae182ec96}, journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research}, number = 01, pages = {73-81}, title = {Shifting body weight-fecundity relationship in a capital breeder: maternal effects on egg numbers of the autumnal moth under field conditions}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007485308006135}, volume = 99, year = 2009 } @article{Ammunet2010, abstract = {1. Both direct and indirect competition can have profound effects on species abundance and expansion rates, especially for a species trying to strengthen a foothold in new areas, such as the winter moth (Operophtera brumata) currently in northernmost Finland. There, winter moths have overlapping outbreak ranges with autumnal moths (Epirrita autumnata), who also share the same host, the mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii). Competitive interactions are also possible, but so far unstudied, are explanations for the observed 1–3 years phase lag between the population cycles of the two moth species. 2. In two field experiments, we studied host plant-mediated indirect inter-specific competition and direct interference/exploitation competition between autumnal and winter moths. The experimental larvae were grown either with the competing species or with the same number of conspecifics until pupation. Inter-specific competition was judged from differences in pupal mass (reflecting lifespan fecundity), larval development time and larval survival. 3. Larval performance measurements suggested that neither direct nor indirect inter-specific competition with the autumnal moth reduce the growth rate of winter moth populations. Winter moths even had a higher probability of survival when reared together with autumnal moths. 4. Thus, we conclude that neither direct nor indirect inter-specific competition is capable of suppressing the spread of the winter moth outbreak range and that both are also an unlikely cause for the phase lag between the phase-locked population cycles of the two moth species.}, address = {Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland}, author = {Ammunét, Tea and Heisswolf, Annette and Klemola, Netta and Klemola, Tero}, interhash = {8f23f8ef2c844f28b387e17eeaa9d487}, intrahash = {13d872176e0d33a951f20509faf65d73}, journal = {Ecological Entomology}, number = 1, pages = {45-52}, title = {Expansion of the winter moth outbreak range: no restrictive effects of competition with the resident autumnal moth}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01154.x}, volume = 35, year = 2010 } @article{Ammunet2009, abstract = {Plants respond to grazing by herbivorous insects by emitting a range of volatile organic compounds, which attract parasitoids to their insect hosts. However, a positive outcome for the host plant is a necessary precondition for making the attractionbeneficial or even adaptive. Parasitoids benefit plants by killing herbivorous insects, thus reducing future herbivore pressure,but also by curtailing the feeding intensity of the still living, parasitised host. In this study, the effect of parasitismon food consumption of the 5th instar larvae of the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata) was examined under laboratory conditions. Daily food consumption, as well as the duration of the 5th instar, was measuredfor both parasitised and non-parasitised larvae. The results showed that parasitism by the solitary endoparasitoid Zele deceptor not only reduced leaf consumption significantly but also hastened the onset of pupation in autumnal moth larvae. On the basisof the results, an empirical model was derived to assess the affects on the scale of the whole tree. The model suggests thatparasitoids might protect the tree from total defoliation at least at intermediate larval densities. Consequently, a potentialfor plant–parasitoid chemical signalling appears to exist, which seems to benefit the mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) by reducing the overall intensity of herbivore defoliation due to parasitism by this hymenopteran parasitoid.}, author = {Ammunét, Tea and Klemola, Netta and Heisswolf, Annette and Klemola, Tero}, interhash = {3f11468f6b87af429d22a89677089783}, intrahash = {8d913dec247e614e2bf4d1cf0e0da405}, journal = {Oecologia}, number = 3, pages = {539-547}, title = {Larval parasitism of the autumnal moth reduces feeding intensity on the mountain birch}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1240-6}, volume = 159, year = 2009 } @book{ahern2010schreib, asin = {381050145X}, author = {Ahern, Cecelia}, ean = {9783810501455}, edition = 1, interhash = {c1958325116c7e3f675a1aa2e8855b13}, intrahash = {eb2e1f3a5be87fd59e1ff17ec05a14b4}, isbn = {381050145X}, publisher = {Krüger, Frankfurt}, title = {Ich schreib dir morgen wieder}, url = {http://www.amazon.de/Ich-schreib-dir-morgen-wieder/dp/381050145X/ref=amb_link_157140347_1?pf_rd_m=A3JWKAKR8XB7XF&pf_rd_s=center-2&pf_rd_r=0ZAYRBBJ8BTMGAWV85K9&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=204797247&pf_rd_i=117}, year = 2010 }