@article{bhooth2014scaffolding,
  abstract = {The role of the students’ mother tongue (L1) in the ESL/EFL classroom has been an on-going debate recently. A monolingual approach suggests that the use of the target language solely in L2 classroom increases the learning of the target language. However, this research is motivated by studies that suggest the use of L1 in ESL/EFL classroom facilitates rather than impedes target language learning. This paper examines the use of L1 in the EFL reading classroom in a University in Yemen. A mixed method design was employed and data were collected from a sample of 45-Yemeni students studying English as a Foreign Language at the university. The quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire, while qualitative data was gathered using semi-structured interviews guided by the research objectives. The findings reveal that the students perceive the use of Arabic (L1) as functional strategy in their EFL (L2) classrooms and that it is used to serve a number of purposes: to translate new words, to define concepts, to give some explanations and to help each other in their groups. The discussion of the findings concludes that L1 can be used as a scaffolding strategy by students in facilitating their learning and can be used as a pedagogical tool by the teacher to enhance learning experience as well as maximize engagement in the classroom.},
  author = {Bhooth, Abdullah and Azman, Hazita and Ismail, Kemboja},
  interhash = {a53e6f24f62ece22a04c1a577e6c4115},
  intrahash = {901dfeb87d191bdc8a9cd8beffff4779},
  journal = {Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences},
  month = {3},
  title = {The Role of the L1 as a Scaffolding Tool in the EFL Reading Classroom},
  uniqueid = {S1877042814015419|edselp},
  volume = 118,
  year = 2014
}

@misc{smit2017classroom,
  abstract = {An important goal of educational research is to find out which teaching practices are effective in promoting students' learning. In order to assess these practices, adequate observation instruments are needed. Existing observation schemes for language teaching are not suitable to gauge which teaching strategies scaffold EFL reading comprehension in particular and language learning in general. Therefore, we developed a new instrument: the English Reading Comprehension Observation Protocol. The focus of the instrument is on the role of the EFL teacher who helps students to move from learning to read to reading to learn in English. We conducted a generalizability study in order to establish the instrument's reliability. Twenty lessons taught by five experienced teachers were recorded and observed by five experienced teacher educators. The results of the generalizability study, in which we disentangled sources of variance, show that a large proportion of the variance can be attributed to differences between the teachers. This shows that the instrument has a high reliability and can help teachers identify their strengths and room for development. The instrument takes the form of a checklist and is easy to use for professional development purposes.},
  author = {Smit, Nienke and Van de Grift, Wim and De Bot, Kees and Jansen, Ellen},
  interhash = {d5c546f282511a21c60dc279961f857f},
  intrahash = {89f8268e9af97a984986f5a6bea1a68d},
  journal = {System},
  month = {4},
  title = {A classroom observation tool for scaffolding reading comprehension},
  uniqueid = {edsgcl.486389333|edsgao},
  volume = 65,
  year = 2017
}

@article{boerner2012design,
  abstract = {Global maps of science can be used as a reference system to chart career trajectories, the location of emerging research frontiers, or the expertise profiles of institutes or nations. This paper details data preparation, analysis, and layout performed when designing and subsequently updating the UCSD map of science and classification system. The original classification and map use 7.2 million papers and their references from Elsevier’s Scopus (about 15,000 source titles, 2001–2005) and Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science (WoS) Science, Social Science, Arts & Humanities Citation Indexes (about 9,000 source titles, 2001–2004)–about 16,000 unique source titles. The updated map and classification adds six years (2005–2010) of WoS data and three years (2006–2008) from Scopus to the existing category structure–increasing the number of source titles to about 25,000. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a widely used map of science was updated. A comparison of the original 5-year and the new 10-year maps and classification system show (i) an increase in the total number of journals that can be mapped by 9,409 journals (social sciences had a 80% increase, humanities a 119% increase, medical (32%) and natural science (74%)), (ii) a simplification of the map by assigning all but five highly interdisciplinary journals to exactly one discipline, (iii) a more even distribution of journals over the 554 subdisciplines and 13 disciplines when calculating the coefficient of variation, and (iv) a better reflection of journal clusters when compared with paper-level citation data. When evaluating the map with a listing of desirable features for maps of science, the updated map is shown to have higher mapping accuracy, easier understandability as fewer journals are multiply classified, and higher usability for the generation of data overlays, among others.},
  author = {Börner, Katy and Klavans, Richard and Patek, Michael and Zoss, Angela M. and Biberstine, Joseph R. and Light, Robert P. and Larivière, Vincent and Boyack, Kevin W.},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0039464},
  interhash = {c27eeafd6c2d77f7022ce10236e3dd47},
  intrahash = {494fdcbea8cd30a1a04a06aa1696fce6},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  month = jul,
  number = 7,
  pages = {e39464},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  title = {Design and Update of a Classification System: The UCSD Map of Science},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039464},
  volume = 7,
  year = 2012
}

@inproceedings{tane2003courseware,
  abstract = {Topics in education are changing with an ever faster pace. E-Learningresources tend to be more and more decentralised. Users need increasingly to be able touse the resources of the web. For this, they should have tools for finding and organizinginformation in a decentral way. In this, paper, we show how an ontology-based toolsuite allows to make the most of the resources available on the web.},
  author = {Tane, Julien and Schmitz, Christoph and Stumme, Gerd and Staab, Steffen and Studer, R.},
  booktitle = {Mobiles Lernen und Forschen - Beiträge der Fachtagung an der Universität},
  editor = {David, Klaus and Wegner, Lutz},
  file = {tane2003courseware.pdf:tane2003courseware.pdf:PDF},
  groups = {public},
  interhash = {7f33080bb78d089b24bf51c059f8f018},
  intrahash = {850949481723b7dd03768ccd96b25cb9},
  month = {November},
  pages = {93-104},
  publisher = {Kassel University Press},
  timestamp = {2010-11-10 15:35:25},
  title = {The Courseware Watchdog: an Ontology-based tool for finding and organizing learning material},
  url = {http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2003/tane2003courseware.pdf},
  username = {dbenz},
  year = 2003
}

@inproceedings{becker02toscana,
  address = {Lyon, France},
  author = {Becker, P. and Hereth, J. and Stumme, G.},
  booktitle = {Advances in Formal Concept Analysis for Knowledge Discovery in Databases.},
  comment = {alpha},
  editor = {Duquenne, V. and Ganter, B. and Liquiere, M. and Nguifo, E. M. and Stumme, G.},
  interhash = {11645e2f27813bd69c34231006680f7d},
  intrahash = {9c8080aa372c4ac558c11465d817499a},
  month = {July 23,},
  pages = {1-2},
  title = {Toscana{J}: An Open Source  Tool for Qualitative Data Analysis},
  url = {http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2002/FCAKDD02.pdf},
  year = 2002
}

@misc{eunis2003ss,
  address = {EUNIS 2003, Niederlande},
  author = {Stefani, Sven and Adamczak, Wolfgang},
  howpublished = {Presentation at EUNIS 2003},
  interhash = {6571be3c6f3c7d991e78d5b07480b7fd},
  intrahash = {2d30e3190917cd89d7c2ac274afccc24},
  note = {EUNIS 2003 - European University Information Systems, Amsterdam, Niederlande, 2003},
  title = {A web based conference tool developed with SeSAMe},
  url = {http://www.svenstefani.de/publ/eunis2003/Eunis2003_pp97_final.ppt},
  year = 2003
}

@incollection{ellson2004graphviz,
  abstract = {Graphviz is a heterogeneous collection of graph drawing tools containing batch layout programs (dot, neato, fdp, twopi); a platform for incremental layout (dynagraph); customizable graph editors (dotty, grappa); a server for including graphs in Web pages (webDOT); support for graphs as COM objects (montage); utility programs useful in graph visualization; and libraries for attributed graphs. The software is available under an Open Source license. },
  address = {Berlin/Heidelberg},
  author = {Ellson, J. and Gansner, E.R. and Koutsofios, E. and North, S.C. and Woodhull, G.},
  booktitle = {Graph Drawing Software},
  editor = {Junger, M. and Mutzel, P.},
  interhash = {372cd1df895ac16ee3516c02872ebc0a},
  intrahash = {643de6e04aab3aa0c2ec42c348ab1f38},
  isbn = {3-540-00881-0},
  pages = {127--148},
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
  series = {Mathematics and Visualization},
  title = {Graphviz and Dynagraph -- Static and Dynamic Graph Drawing Tools},
  url = {http://www.springer.com/math/cse/book/978-3-540-00881-1},
  year = 2004
}

@book{nooy2005pajek,
  address = {New York, NY, USA},
  asin = {0521602629},
  author = {de Nooy, Wouter and Mrvar, Andrej and Batagelj, Vladimir},
  dewey = {300.285},
  ean = {9780521602624},
  interhash = {deb32e4829c9c2b16857a7ced06b89eb},
  intrahash = {114a68aea38d947757b10531d599e6b8},
  isbn = {0521602629},
  number = 27,
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  series = {Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences},
  title = {Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek},
  url = {http://www.amazon.com/Exploratory-Network-Analysis-Structural-Sciences/dp/0521602629%3FSubscriptionId%3D192BW6DQ43CK9FN0ZGG2%26tag%3Dws%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0521602629},
  year = 2005
}

@article{lhfh05social,
  author = {Lund, Ben and Hammond, Tony and Flack, Martin and Hannay, Timo},
  interhash = {46c0a98ab6ccb96ff4722f35781807de},
  intrahash = {13958ef5da2d2133b9b84e9a3cb40da1},
  journal = {D-Lib Magazine},
  month = {April},
  number = 4,
  organization = {{N}ature {P}ublishing {G}roup},
  title = {{S}ocial {B}ookmarking {T}ools ({II}): {A} {C}ase {S}tudy - {C}onnotea},
  url = {http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april05/lund/04lund.html},
  volume = 11,
  year = 2005
}

@article{hammond2005social,
  abstract = {This paper reviews some current initiatives, as of early 2005, in providing public link management applications on the Web � utilities that are often referred to under the general moniker of 'social bookmarking tools'. There are a couple of things going on here: 1 server-side software aimed specifically at managing links with, crucially, a strong, social networking flavour, and 2 an unabashedly open and unstructured approach to tagging, or user classification, of those links.  A number of such utilities are presented here, together with an emergent new class of tools that caters more to the academic communities and that stores not only user-supplied tags, but also structured citation metadata terms wherever it is possible to glean this information from service providers. This provision of rich, structured metadata means that the user is provided with an accurate third-party identification of a document, which could be used to retrieve that document, but is also free to search on user-supplied terms so that documents of interest or rather, references to documents can be made discoverable and aggregated with other similar descriptions either recorded by the user or by other users.},
  author = {Hammond, Tony and Hannay, Timo and Lund, Ben and Scott, Joanna},
  interhash = {c7457d9dc07545a061de119d96ca4e47},
  intrahash = {89c6c43ad692ccfbe4c09d31926ab8a7},
  issn = {1082-9873},
  journal = {D-Lib Magazine},
  month = apr,
  number = 4,
  organization = {Nature Publishing Group},
  title = {Social Bookmarking Tools (I): A General Review},
  url = {http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april05/hammond/04hammond.html},
  volume = 11,
  year = 2005
}

@inproceedings{tane03courseware,
  abstract = {Topics in education are changing with an ever faster pace. E-Learning
resources tend to be more and more decentralised. Users need increasingly to be able to
use the resources of the web. For this, they should have tools for finding and organizing
information in a decentral way. In this, paper, we show how an ontology-based tool
suite allows to make the most of the resources available on the web.},
  author = {Tane, Julien and Schmitz, Christoph and Stumme, Gerd and Staab, Steffen and Studer, R.},
  booktitle = {Mobiles Lernen und Forschen - Beiträge der Fachtagung an der Universität},
  comment = {alpha},
  editor = {David, Klaus and Wegner, Lutz},
  interhash = {7f33080bb78d089b24bf51c059f8f018},
  intrahash = {850949481723b7dd03768ccd96b25cb9},
  month = {November},
  pages = {93-104},
  publisher = {Kassel University Press},
  title = {The Courseware Watchdog:  an Ontology-based tool for finding and organizing
                  learning material},
  url = {http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/stumme/papers/2003/tane2003courseware.pdf},
  year = 2003
}

@inproceedings{hessetal2004,
  author = {Hess, Andreas and Johnston, Eddie and Kushmerick, Nicholas},
  bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
  booktitle = {Proc. Intl. Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2004)},
  interhash = {2d29b01ae6c56114f14c865a896ecc0f},
  intrahash = {89dd923ed9c121d0baad7741d5abbdbe},
  publisher = {Springer},
  title = {{ASSAM}: A tool for semi-automatically annotating Web Services with semantic metadata},
  url = {http://moguntia.ucd.ie/publications/hess-iswc04.pdf},
  year = 2004
}

@inproceedings{NM00,
  address = {Austin, Texas},
  author = {Noy, N. and Musen, M.},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventeenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-2000)},
  interhash = {b01852492f775b2a67b2e5f78b0f6e53},
  intrahash = {89178e720b621b2dceec06fdb9628e33},
  isbn = {3-540-41066-X},
  pages = {450--455},
  title = {PROMPT: Algorithm and Tool for Automated Ontology Merging and Alignment},
  url = {http://smi-web.stanford.edu/people/noy/publications.html},
  year = 2000
}