@article{bhooth2014scaffolding,
  abstract = {The role of the students’ mother tongue (L1) in the ESL/EFL classroom has been an on-going debate recently. A monolingual approach suggests that the use of the target language solely in L2 classroom increases the learning of the target language. However, this research is motivated by studies that suggest the use of L1 in ESL/EFL classroom facilitates rather than impedes target language learning. This paper examines the use of L1 in the EFL reading classroom in a University in Yemen. A mixed method design was employed and data were collected from a sample of 45-Yemeni students studying English as a Foreign Language at the university. The quantitative data was collected through a questionnaire, while qualitative data was gathered using semi-structured interviews guided by the research objectives. The findings reveal that the students perceive the use of Arabic (L1) as functional strategy in their EFL (L2) classrooms and that it is used to serve a number of purposes: to translate new words, to define concepts, to give some explanations and to help each other in their groups. The discussion of the findings concludes that L1 can be used as a scaffolding strategy by students in facilitating their learning and can be used as a pedagogical tool by the teacher to enhance learning experience as well as maximize engagement in the classroom.},
  author = {Bhooth, Abdullah and Azman, Hazita and Ismail, Kemboja},
  interhash = {a53e6f24f62ece22a04c1a577e6c4115},
  intrahash = {901dfeb87d191bdc8a9cd8beffff4779},
  journal = {Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences},
  month = {3},
  title = {The Role of the L1 as a Scaffolding Tool in the EFL Reading Classroom},
  uniqueid = {S1877042814015419|edselp},
  volume = 118,
  year = 2014
}

@inproceedings{conf/isaac/BrandesL04,
  abstract = {Standard methods for role assignment partition the vertex set of a graph in such a way that vertices in the same class can be considered to have equivalent roles in the graph. Several classes of equivalence relations such as regular equivalence and equitable partitions have been proposed for role assignment, but they all suffer from the strictness of classifying vertices into being either equivalent or not. It is an open problem how to allow for varying degrees of similarity. Proposals include ad-hoc algorithmic approaches and optimization approaches which are computationally hard. In this paper we introduce the concept of structural similarity by relaxation of equitable partitions, thus providing a theoretical foundation for similarity measures which enjoys desirable properties with respect to existence, structure, and tractability.},
  author = {Brandes, Ulrik and Lerner, Jürgen},
  booktitle = {ISAAC},
  crossref = {conf/isaac/2004},
  date = {2004-12-13},
  editor = {Fleischer, Rudolf and Trippen, Gerhard},
  ee = {http://springerlink.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0302-9743&volume=3341&spage=184},
  interhash = {a87d06c79e37d48ad337ab686acc8df1},
  intrahash = {fb96363fda06e80943498e293c6e402a},
  isbn = {3-540-24131-0},
  pages = {184-195},
  publisher = {Springer},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  title = {Structural Similarity in Graphs (A Relaxation Approach for Role Assignment).},
  url = {http://kops.ub.uni-konstanz.de/volltexte/2009/7777/},
  volume = 3341,
  year = 2004
}

@inproceedings{Brandes07Role,
  abstract = {Abstract. Communities in social networks are often defined as groups of densely connected actors. However, members of the same dense group are not equal but may differ largely in their social position or in the role they play. Furthermore, the same positions can be found across the borders of dense communities so that networks contain a significant group structure which does not coincide with the structure of dense groups. This papers gives a survey over formalizations of network-positions with a special emphasis on the use of algebraic notions.},
  author = {Brandes, Ulrik and Lerner, Jürgen},
  booktitle = {ICFCA 2007 Satellite Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Conceptual Structures: Exploring Opportunities},
  editor = {Obiedkov, Sergei and Roth, Camille},
  interhash = {38a2ada146d754d86889068e548316ec},
  intrahash = {6ea541158f972b850e9ea330b473c7c4},
  title = {Role-equivalent Actors in Networks},
  url = {http://www.inf.uni-konstanz.de/algo/publications/bl-rean-07.pdf},
  year = 2007
}