@incollection{solskinnsbakk2010hybrid, abstract = {Folksonomies are becoming increasingly popular. They contain large amounts of data which can be mined and utilized for many tasks like visualization, browsing, information retrieval etc. An inherent problem of folksonomies is the lack of structure. In this paper we present an unsupervised approach for generating such structure based on a combination of association rule mining and the underlying tagged material. Using the underlying tagged material we generate a semantic representation of each tag. The semantic representation of the tags is an integral component of the structure generated. The experiment presented in this paper shows promising results with tag structures that correspond well with human judgment.}, address = {Berlin / Heidelberg}, affiliation = {Department of Computer and Information Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway}, author = {Solskinnsbakk, Geir and Gulla, Jon}, booktitle = {On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems, OTM 2010}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-16949-6_22}, editor = {Meersman, Robert and Dillon, Tharam and Herrero, Pilar}, interhash = {c33c0fe08d8ac29e88a4c43b3047c707}, intrahash = {949d497bc5a29eda10c77f5784aed18b}, isbn = {978-3-642-16948-9}, keyword = {Computer Science}, pages = {975-982}, publisher = {Springer}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, slides = {http://www.slides.com}, title = {A Hybrid Approach to Constructing Tag Hierarchies}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16949-6_22}, volume = 6427, year = 2010 } @inproceedings{plangprasopchok2010probabilistic, abstract = {Learning structured representations has emerged as an important problem in many domains, including document and Web data mining, bioinformatics, and image analysis. One approach to learning complex structures is to integrate many smaller, incomplete and noisy structure fragments. In this work, we present an unsupervised probabilistic approach that extends affinity propagation to combine the small ontological fragments into a collection of integrated, consistent, and larger folksonomies. This is a challenging task because the method must aggregate similar structures while avoiding structural inconsistencies and handling noise. We validate the approach on a real-world social media dataset, comprised of shallow personal hierarchies specified by many individual users, collected from the photosharing website Flickr. Our empirical results show that our proposed approach is able to construct deeper and denser structures, compared to an approach using only the standard affinity propagation algorithm. Additionally, the approach yields better overall integration quality than a state-of-the-art approach based on incremental relational clustering. }, author = {Plangprasopchok, Anon and Lerman, Kristina and Getoor, Lise}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th ACM Web Search and Data Mining Conference}, interhash = {826359ec25dcd228ad3ef46dcc6d26c5}, intrahash = {455bb173bb33af58bc8aaed48d8a8513}, note = {cite arxiv:1011.3557Comment: In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Web Search and Data Mining Conference (WSDM)}, title = {A Probabilistic Approach for Learning Folksonomies from Structured Data}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1011.3557}, year = 2010 } @inproceedings{Kim2008, address = {Berlin, Deutschland}, author = {Kim, Hak Lae and Scerri, Simon and Breslin, John G. and Decker, Stefan and Kim, Hong Gee}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications}}, interhash = {9c5f5af6f47a1a563dbb405c5a58a3cc}, intrahash = {7d3c3c2189394a8686ca9812d58bfe74}, pages = {128--137}, publisher = {{Dublin Core Metadata Initiative}}, title = {{The State of the Art in Tag Ontologies: A Semantic Model for Tagging and Folksonomies}}, year = 2008 } @article{gasevic2011approach, address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}, author = {Gasevic, Dragan and Zouaq, Amal and Torniai, Carlo and Jovanovic, Jelena and Hatala, Marek}, doi = {10.1109/TLT.2011.21}, interhash = {58ca3b2f09e3962d17da8755b5b07ac0}, intrahash = {b701b92c234afa36aac87635f687cde0}, issn = {1939-1382}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies}, number = 1, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, title = {An Approach to Folksonomy-based Ontology Maintenance for Learning Environments}, url = {http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/TLT.2011.21}, volume = 99, year = 2011 } @inproceedings{christiaens2006metadata, abstract = {In this paper we give a brief overview of different metadata mechanisms (like ontologies and folksonomies) and how they relate to each other. We identify major strengths and weaknesses of these mechanisms. We claim that these mechanisms can be classified from restricted (e.g., ontology) to free (e.g., free text tagging). In our view, these mechanisms should not be used in isolation, but rather as complementary solutions, in a continuous process wherein the strong points of one increase the semantic depth of the other. We give an overview of early active research already going on in this direction and propose that methodologies to support this process be developed. We demonstrate a possible approach, in which we mix tagging, taxonomy and ontology.}, author = {Christiaens, Stijn}, booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science: On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2006: OTM 2006 Workshops}, file = {christiaens2006metadata.pdf:christiaens2006metadata.pdf:PDF}, groups = {public}, interhash = {f733d993459329ed1ef9f26d303ba0d9}, intrahash = {efc1396e845f3db1688dc8ef154d9520}, lastdatemodified = {2007-01-04}, lastname = {Christiaens}, own = {notown}, pdf = {christiaens06-metadata.pdf}, publisher = {Springer}, read = {notread}, timestamp = {2007-09-11 13:31:23}, title = {Metadata Mechanisms: From Ontology to Folksonomy ... and Back}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/m370107220473394}, username = {dbenz}, workshoppub = {1}, year = 2006 } @article{macgregor2006collaborative, abstract = {Purpose � The purpose of the paper is to provide an overview of the collaborative tagging phenomenon and explore some of the reasons for its emergence. The paper reviews the related literature and discusses some of the problems associated with, and the potential of, collaborative tagging approaches for knowledge organisation and general resource discovery. Design/methodology/approach � A definition of controlled vocabularies is proposed and used to assess the efficacy of collaborative tagging. An exposition of the collaborative tagging model is provided and a review of the major contributions to the tagging literature is presented. Findings � There are numerous difficulties with collaborative tagging systems (e.g. low precision, lack of collocation, etc.) that originate from the absence of properties that characterise controlled vocabularies. However, such systems can not be dismissed. Librarians and information professionals have lessons to learn from the interactive and social aspects exemplified by collaborative tagging systems, as well as their success in engaging users with information management. The future co-existence of controlled vocabularies and collaborative tagging is predicted, with each appropriate for use within distinct information contexts: formal and informal. Research limitations/implications � Librarians and information professional researchers should be taking a lead role in research aimed at assessing the efficacy of collaborative tagging in relation to information storage, organisation, and retrieval, and to influence the future development of collaborative tagging systems. Practical implications � The paper indicates clear areas where digital libraries and repositories could innovate in order to better engage users with information. Originality/value � At time of writing there were no literature reviews summarising the main contributions to the collaborative tagging research or debate.}, author = {Macgregor, George and Mcculloch, Emma}, file = {macgregor2006collaborative.pdf:macgregor2006collaborative.pdf:PDF}, interhash = {8d7a458fb6f9ff722c7d02104ec6dbd0}, intrahash = {583976b7d64ff0b140827342e73e70d2}, journal = {Library Review}, lastdatemodified = {2006-07-17}, lastname = {Macgregor}, number = 5, own = {own}, pdf = {macgregor06-collaborative.pdf}, read = {readnext}, title = {Collaborative Tagging as a Knowledge Organisation and Resource Discovery Tool}, url = {eprints.rclis.org/archive/00005703/}, volume = 55, year = 2006 } @misc{gruber2005ontology, abstract = {Ontologies are enabling technology for the Semantic Web. They are a means for people to state what they mean by formal terms used in data that they might generate or consume. Folksonomies are an emergent phenomenon of the social web. They are created as people associate terms with content that they generate or consume. Recently the two ideas have been put into opposition, as if they were right and left poles of a political spectrum. This piece is an attempt to shed some cool light on the subject, and to preview some new work that applies the two ideas together to enable an Internet ecology for folksonomies.}, author = {Gruber, Tom}, file = {gruber2005ontology.pdf:gruber2005ontology.pdf:PDF}, interhash = {95dcd92534079ba054d4301522ac45f9}, intrahash = {3179f257b1d843da3ae1de136eec8318}, lastdatemodified = {2006-07-19}, lastname = {Gruber}, longnotes = {[[http://tomgruber.org/writing/tagontology-tagcamp-talk.pdf slides(pdf)]]}, own = {own}, pdf = {gruber05-ontology.pdf}, read = {readnext}, title = {Ontology of Folksonomy}, url = {tomgruber.org/writing/ontology-of-folksonomy.htm}, year = 2005 } @inproceedings{schmitz2006inducing, address = {Edinburgh, Scotland}, author = {Schmitz, Patrick}, booktitle = {Collaborative Web Tagging Workshop at WWW 2006}, file = {schmitz2006inducing.pdf:schmitz2006inducing.pdf:PDF}, interhash = {1335f4ef87f951e6edf4fd94f885d3a2}, intrahash = {5a9065e96237a69d95edebc03ccac92d}, month = may, pdf = {schmitz2006inducing.pdf}, title = {Inducing Ontology from Flickr Tags.}, year = 2006 } @incollection{christiaens2006metadata, abstract = {In this paper we give a brief overview of different metadata mechanisms (like ontologies and folksonomies) and how they relate to each other. We identify major strengths and weaknesses of these mechanisms. We claim that these mechanisms can be classified from restricted (e.g., ontology) to free (e.g., free text tagging). In our view, these mechanisms should not be used in isolation, but rather as complementary solutions, in a continuous process wherein the strong points of one increase the semantic depth of the other. We give an overview of early active research already going on in this direction and propose that methodologies to support this process be developed. We demonstrate a possible approach, in which we mix tagging, taxonomy and ontology.}, author = {Christiaens, Stijn}, booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science: On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2006: OTM 2006 Workshops}, file = {christiaens2006metadata.pdf:christiaens2006metadata.pdf:PDF}, interhash = {f733d993459329ed1ef9f26d303ba0d9}, intrahash = {efc1396e845f3db1688dc8ef154d9520}, lastdatemodified = {2007-01-04}, lastname = {Christiaens}, own = {notown}, pdf = {christiaens06-metadata.pdf}, publisher = {Springer}, read = {notread}, title = {Metadata Mechanisms: From Ontology to Folksonomy ... and Back}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/m370107220473394}, year = 2006 } @article{limpens2008bridging, abstract = {Social tagging systems have recently became very popular as a means to classify large sets of resources shared among on-line communities over the social Web. However, the folksonomies resulting from the use of these systems revealed limitations : tags are ambiguous and their spelling may vary, and folksonomies are difficult to exploit in order to retrieve or exchange information. This article compares the recent attempts to overcome these limitations and to support the use of folksonomies with formal languages and ontologies from the Semantic Web.}, author = {Limpens, Freddy and Gandon, Fabien and Buffa, Michel}, doi = {10.1109/ASEW.2008.4686305}, file = {limpens2008bridging.pdf:limpens2008bridging.pdf:PDF}, groups = {public}, interhash = {cb1d534be80d664a50df66e8977b774e}, intrahash = {9372f9c2db8b9f4cf05b3db84e6589ac}, journal = {Automated Software Engineering - Workshops, 2008. ASE Workshops 2008. 23rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on}, journalpub = {1}, month = {Sept.}, pages = {13-18}, timestamp = {2009-07-24 14:21:18}, title = {Bridging ontologies and folksonomies to leverage knowledge sharing on the social Web: A brief survey}, username = {dbenz}, year = 2008 } @article{lux2008from, abstract = {Is Web 2.0 just hype or just a buzzword, which might disappear in the near future One way to find answers to these questions is to investigate the actual benefit of the Web 2.0 for real use cases. Within this contribution we study a very special aspect of the Web 2.0 the folksonomy and its use within self-directed learning. Guided by conceptual principles of emergent computing we point out methods, which might be able to let semantics emerge from folksonomies and discuss the effect of the results in self-directed learning.}, author = {Lux, Mathias and Dösinger, Gisela}, doi = {10.1504/IJKL.2007.016709}, groups = {public}, interhash = {5dde7a91231320f96c0c4b3e7ba9a503}, intrahash = {dd5cdcc6449d97622033bbebcd4d1874}, journal = {International Journal of Knowledge and Learning}, journalpub = {1}, month = jan, number = {4-5}, pages = {515--528}, timestamp = {2010-08-11 07:26:38}, title = {From folksonomies to ontologies: employing wisdom of the crowds to serve learning purposes}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ind/ijkl/2008/00000003/F0020004/art00009}, username = {dbenz}, volume = 3, year = 2008 } @inproceedings{tang2009towards, abstract = {A folksonomy refers to a collection of user-defined tags with which users describe contents published on the Web. With the flourish of Web 2.0, folksonomies have become an important mean to develop the Semantic Web. Because tags in folksonomies are authored freely, there is a need to understand the structure and semantics of these tags in various applications. In this paper, we propose a learning approach to create an ontology that captures the hierarchical semantic structure of folksonomies. Our experimental results on two different genres of real world data sets show that our method can effectively learn the ontology structure from the folksonomies.}, address = {San Francisco, CA, USA}, author = {Tang, Jie and fung Leung, Ho and Luo, Qiong and Chen, Dewei and Gong, Jibin}, booktitle = {IJCAI'09: Proceedings of the 21st international jont conference on Artifical intelligence}, file = {tang2009towards.pdf:tang2009towards.pdf:PDF}, groups = {public}, interhash = {17f95a6ba585888cf45443926d8b7e98}, intrahash = {7b335f08a288a79eb70eff89f1ec7630}, location = {Pasadena, California, USA}, pages = {2089--2094}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.}, timestamp = {2009-12-23 21:30:44}, title = {Towards ontology learning from folksonomies}, url = {http://ijcai.org/papers09/Papers/IJCAI09-344.pdf}, username = {dbenz}, year = 2009 } @inproceedings{laniado2007using, abstract = {As the volume of information in the read-write Web increases rapidly, folksonomies are becoming a widely used tool to organize and categorize resources in a bottom up, flat and inclusive way. However, due to their very structure, they show some drawbacks; in particular the lack of hierarchy bears some limitations in the possibilities of searching and browsing. In this paper we investigate a new approach, based on the idea of integrating an ontology in the navigation interface of a folksonomy, and we describe an application that filters del.icio.us keywords through the WordNet hierarchy of concepts, to enrich the possibilities of navigation.}, author = {Laniado, David and Eynard, Davide and Colombetti, Marco}, booktitle = {Semantic Web Application and Perspectives - Fourth Italian Semantic Web Workshop}, file = {laniado2007using.pdf:laniado2007using.pdf:PDF}, groups = {public}, interhash = {20cfb04df242c1ab1c986128c9f5a9c9}, intrahash = {7f7ac73677841b4580461d408e83495a}, month = Dec, pages = {192--201}, timestamp = {2009-07-24 14:20:02}, title = {Using WordNet to turn a folksonomy into a hierarchy of concepts}, url = {http://home.dei.polimi.it/eynard/papers/swap2007.pdf}, username = {dbenz}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{rattenbury2007towards, abstract = {We describe an approach for extracting semantics of tags, unstructured text-labels assigned to resources on the Web, based on each tag's usage patterns. In particular, we focus on the problem of extracting place and event semantics for tags that are assigned to photos on Flickr, a popular photo sharing website that supports time and location (latitude/longitude) metadata. We analyze two methods inspired by well-known burst-analysis techniques and one novel method: Scale-structure Identification. We evaluate the methods on a subset of Flickr data, and show that our Scale-structure Identification method outperforms the existing techniques. The approach and methods described in this work can be used in other domains such as geo-annotated web pages, where text terms can be extracted and associated with usage patterns.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Rattenbury, Tye and Good, Nathaniel and Naaman, Mor}, booktitle = {SIGIR '07: Proceedings of the 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval}, doi = {10.1145/1277741.1277762}, file = {rattenbury2007towards.pdf:rattenbury2007towards.pdf:PDF}, groups = {public}, interhash = {8b02d2b3fdbb97c3db6e3b23079a56e5}, intrahash = {bf6f73d2ef74ca6f1d355fb5688b673c}, isbn = {978-1-59593-597-7}, pages = {103--110}, publisher = {ACM Press}, timestamp = {2010-11-10 15:35:25}, title = {Towards automatic extraction of event and place semantics from flickr tags}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1277741.1277762}, username = {dbenz}, year = 2007 } @article{eda2009effectiveness, abstract = {In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of a semantic smoothing technique to organize folksonomy tags. Folksonomy tags have no explicit relations and vary because they form uncontrolled vocabulary. We discriminates so-called subjective tags like “cool” and “fun” from folksonomy tags without any extra knowledge other than folksonomy triples and use the level of tag generalization to form the objective tags into a hierarchy. We verify that entropy of folksonomy tags is an effective measure for discriminating subjective folksonomy tags. Our hierarchical tag allocation method guarantees the number of children nodes and increases the number of available paths to a target node compared to an existing tree allocation method for folksonomy tags.}, author = {Eda, Takeharu and Yoshikawa, Masatoshi and Uchiyama, Toshio and Uchiyama, Tadasu}, doi = {10.1007/s11280-009-0069-1}, interhash = {a560796c977bc7582017f662bf88c16d}, intrahash = {ec3c256e7d1f24cd9d407d3ce7e41d96}, issn = {1386-145X}, journal = {World Wide Web}, number = 4, pages = {421--440}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, title = {The Effectiveness of Latent Semantic Analysis for Building Up a Bottom-up Taxonomy from Folksonomy Tags.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11280-009-0069-1}, volume = 12, year = 2009 } @inproceedings{kim2008state, abstract = {There is a growing interest into how we represent and share tagging data in collaborative tagging systems. Conventional tags, meaning freely created tags that are not associated with a structured ontology, are not naturally suited for collaborative processes, due to linguistic and grammatical variations, as well as human typing errors. Additionally, tags reflect personal views of the world by individual users, and are not normalised for synonymy, morphology or any other mapping. Our view is that the conventional approach provides very limited semantic value for collaboration. Moreover, in cases where there is some semantic value, automatically sharing semantics via computer manipulations is extremely problematic. This paper explores these problems by discussing approaches for collaborative tagging activities at a semantic level, and presenting conceptual models for collaborative tagging activities and folksonomies. We present criteria for the comparison of existing tag ontologies and discuss their strengths and weaknesses in relation to these criteria.}, author = {Kim, Hak Lae and Scerri, Simon and Breslin, John G. and Decker, Stefan and Kim, Hong Gee}, booktitle = {DCMI '08: Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications}, interhash = {9c5f5af6f47a1a563dbb405c5a58a3cc}, intrahash = {cb56167e7e5e0dbfee017671064ff81e}, location = {Berlin, Germany}, pages = {128--137}, publisher = {Dublin Core Metadata Initiative}, title = {The state of the art in tag ontologies: a semantic model for tagging and folksonomies}, url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1503418.1503431}, year = 2008 } @article{lux2008folksonomies, abstract = {Is Web 2.0 just hype or just a buzzword, which might disappear in the near future One way to find answers to these questions is to investigate the actual benefit of the Web 2.0 for real use cases. Within this contribution we study a very special aspect of the Web 2.0 the folksonomy and its use within self-directed learning. Guided by conceptual principles of emergent computing we point out methods, which might be able to let semantics emerge from folksonomies and discuss the effect of the results in self-directed learning.}, author = {Lux, Mathias and Dösinger, Gisela}, doi = {10.1504/IJKL.2007.016709}, interhash = {5dde7a91231320f96c0c4b3e7ba9a503}, intrahash = {dd5cdcc6449d97622033bbebcd4d1874}, journal = {International Journal of Knowledge and Learning}, month = jan, number = {4-5}, pages = {515--528}, title = {From folksonomies to ontologies: employing wisdom of the crowds to serve learning purposes}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ind/ijkl/2008/00000003/F0020004/art00009}, volume = 3, year = 2008 } @inproceedings{schmitz2006mining, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, author = {Schmitz, Christoph and Hotho, Andreas and Jäschke, Robert and Stumme, Gerd}, booktitle = {Data Science and Classification: Proc. of the 10th IFCS Conf.}, editor = {Batagelj, V. and Bock, H.-H. and Ferligoj, A. and {\v Z}iberna, A.}, interhash = {20650d852ca3b82523fcd8b63e7c12d7}, intrahash = {1e79a0f1c79561073d14434adce1e890}, pages = {261--270}, publisher = {Springer}, series = {Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization}, title = {Mining Association Rules in Folksonomies}, year = 2006 } @inproceedings{rattenbury2007towards, abstract = {We describe an approach for extracting semantics of tags, unstructured text-labels assigned to resources on the Web, based on each tag's usage patterns. In particular, we focus on the problem of extracting place and event semantics for tags that are assigned to photos on Flickr, a popular photo sharing website that supports time and location (latitude/longitude) metadata. We analyze two methods inspired by well-known burst-analysis techniques and one novel method: Scale-structure Identification. We evaluate the methods on a subset of Flickr data, and show that our Scale-structure Identification method outperforms the existing techniques. The approach and methods described in this work can be used in other domains such as geo-annotated web pages, where text terms can be extracted and associated with usage patterns.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Rattenbury, Tye and Good, Nathaniel and Naaman, Mor}, booktitle = {SIGIR '07: Proceedings of the 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval}, doi = {10.1145/1277741.1277762}, interhash = {8b02d2b3fdbb97c3db6e3b23079a56e5}, intrahash = {bf6f73d2ef74ca6f1d355fb5688b673c}, isbn = {978-1-59593-597-7}, pages = {103--110}, publisher = {ACM Press}, title = {Towards automatic extraction of event and place semantics from flickr tags}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1277741.1277762}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{kim2007tag, abstract = {In this paper we give an overview of the int.ere.st for a social tagging, bookmarking, and sharing service. It is based on the SCOT ontology. The SCOT ontology can represent the structure and semantics for social tagging data and provide methods for sharing and reusing them. We describe how it enables users to participate in a semantic social tagging from functional point of view and show how int.ere.st allows users to save, tag, and search SCOT ontologies. All kinds of user contributions in the system will be exposed as RDF vocabularies that connect them. We believe it is a good starting point to build Semantic Web based society using tagging data. }, author = {Kim, Hak Lae and Yang, Sung-Kwon and Song, Seung-Jae and Breslin, John G. and Kim, Hong-Gee}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Semantic Web Challenge 2007}, editor = {Golbeck, Jennifer and Mika, Peter}, interhash = {2067db51319e25598ae6c029fc691039}, intrahash = {70220de9a66ea2818bc16a7fa5e2c7ae}, issn = {1613-0073}, series = {CEUR-WS.org}, title = {Tag Mediated Society with {SCOT} Ontology}, url = {http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-295/paper14.pdf}, volume = 295, year = 2007 }