@inproceedings{clough2004proposal,
  author = {Clough, Paul and Sanderson, Mark},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Geographic Information Retrieval},
  interhash = {d6d904074f6bd0fa1cee9c418a140ea4},
  intrahash = {b7da956af5ed967d695770694f6ad783},
  month = jul,
  title = {A proposal for comparative evaluation of automatic annotation for geo-referenced documents},
  url = {http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/4522/},
  year = 2004
}

@inproceedings{conf/semweb/TangHLL06,
  author = {Tang, Jie and Hong, MingCai and Li, Juan-Zi and Liang, Bangyong},
  booktitle = {International Semantic Web Conference},
  crossref = {conf/semweb/2006},
  date = {2006-11-09},
  editor = {Cruz, Isabel F. and Decker, Stefan and Allemang, Dean and Preist, Chris and Schwabe, Daniel and Mika, Peter and Uschold, Michael and Aroyo, Lora},
  ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11926078_46},
  interhash = {0cd79ca123126fe66d0e2f2888222c79},
  intrahash = {e378a25116a480b55e64a919a351f1a7},
  isbn = {3-540-49029-9},
  pages = {640-653},
  publisher = {Springer},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  title = {Tree-Structured Conditional Random Fields for Semantic Annotation.},
  url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/semweb/iswc2006.html#TangHLL06},
  volume = 4273,
  year = 2006
}

@article{uren2006semantic,
  author = {Uren, V. and Cimiano, P. and Iria, J. and Handschuh, S. and Vargas-Vera, M. and Motta, E. and Ciravegna, F.},
  interhash = {467a510046215757252332f199733655},
  intrahash = {d74d3d10222056ae2c603e2b9236cd91},
  journal = {Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web},
  number = 1,
  pages = {14--28},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  title = {{Semantic annotation for knowledge management: Requirements and a survey of the state of the art}},
  url = {http://scholar.google.de/scholar.bib?q=info:28brRs9iGmMJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&hl=de&ct=citation&cd=0},
  volume = 4,
  year = 2006
}

@misc{maue2009recommending,
  author = {Maué, Patrick and Keßler, Carsten},
  howpublished = {submitted for publication},
  interhash = {21b16cea0d6e1f1812a9ce0f10d90fac},
  intrahash = {89a962ddee414305418e2ac03b1e9a42},
  title = {Recommending Semantic Annotations for Geographic Information},
  url = {http://musil.uni-muenster.de/wp-content/uploads/recommending.pdf},
  year = 2009
}

@inproceedings{985733,
  abstract = {We introduce a new interactive system: a game that is fun and can be used to create valuable output. When people play the game they help determine the contents of images by providing meaningful labels for them. If the game is played as much as popular online games, we estimate that most images on the Web can be labeled in a few months. Having proper labels associated with each image on the Web would allow for more accurate image search, improve the accessibility of sites (by providing descriptions of images to visually impaired individuals), and help users block inappropriate images. Our system makes a significant contribution because of its valuable output and because of the way it addresses the image-labeling problem. Rather than using computer vision techniques, which don't work well enough, we encourage people to do the work by taking advantage of their desire to be entertained.},
  address = {New York, NY, USA},
  author = {von Ahn, Luis and Dabbish, Laura},
  booktitle = {CHI '04: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems},
  doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/985692.985733},
  interhash = {e6707f0bdf2f7b50b87248a5f5ce5bff},
  intrahash = {67aebccb31713acdeb41feda54ecd22b},
  isbn = {1-58113-702-8},
  location = {Vienna, Austria},
  pages = {319--326},
  publisher = {ACM},
  title = {Labeling images with a computer game},
  url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=985733},
  year = 2004
}

@inproceedings{chirita2008ptag,
  abstract = {The success of the Semantic Web depends on the availability of Web pages annotated with metadata. Free form metadata or tags, as used in social bookmarking and folksonomies, have become more and more popular and successful. Such tags are relevant keywords associated with or assigned to a piece of information (e.g., a Web page), describing the item and enabling keyword-based classification. In this paper we propose P-TAG, a method which automatically generates personalized tags for Web pages. Upon browsing a Web page, P-TAG produces keywords relevant both to its textual content, but also to the data residing on the surfer's Desktop, thus expressing a personalized viewpoint. Empirical evaluations with several algorithms pursuing this approach showed very promising results. We are therefore very confident that such a user oriented automatic tagging approach can provide large scale personalized metadata annotations as an important step towards realizing the Semantic Web.},
  address = {New York, NY, USA},
  author = {Chirita, Paul Alexandru and Costache, Stefania and Nejdl, Wolfgang and Handschuh, Siegfried},
  booktitle = {WWW '07: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on World Wide Web},
  doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1242572.1242686},
  interhash = {93612f3a17257a5d0d73e95d59d0c408},
  intrahash = {e4656fefb25cbbff07cfba226601a6e7},
  isbn = {978-1-59593-654-7},
  location = {Banff, Alberta, Canada},
  pages = {845--854},
  publisher = {ACM},
  title = {P-TAG: large scale automatic generation of personalized annotation tags for the web},
  url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1242686},
  year = 2007
}

@inproceedings{yan2007efficient,
  abstract = {This paper investigates new approaches to improve the efficiency of manual image annotation and help users to produce better annotation results in a given amount of time. Although important in practice, this issue has rarely been studied in a quantitative way before. To achieve this, we first propose two time models to analyze the annotation process for two popular manual annotation approaches, i.e., tagging and browsing. The complementary properties of these approaches have inspired us to merge them to develop a hybrid annotation algorithms called frequency-based annotation. Our experiments on large-scale multimedia collections have shown that the proposed algorithm can achieve an up to 40% annotation time reduction compared with the baseline methods. In other words, it can produce considerably better results using the same annotation time.},
  address = {New York, NY, USA},
  author = {Yan, Rong and Natsev, Apostol and Campbell, Murray},
  booktitle = {MS '07: Workshop on multimedia information retrieval on The many faces of multimedia semantics},
  doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1290067.1290071},
  interhash = {1a048b875619d59a0de9a4032ae1d261},
  intrahash = {1d7576ba07bc556dad666c85626cd91e},
  isbn = {978-1-59593-782-7},
  location = {Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany},
  pages = {13--20},
  publisher = {ACM},
  title = {An efficient manual image annotation approach based on tagging and browsing},
  url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1290071},
  year = 2007
}

@inproceedings{seneviratne2008image,
  abstract = {We introduce an interactive framework for image
understanding, a game that is enjoyable and provide valuable
image annotations. When people play the game, they provide
useful information about contents of an image. In reality the
most accurate method to describe the content of an image is
manual labelling. Our approach is to motivate people to label
imagers while entertaining themselves. Therefore if this game
becomes popular it will be able to annotate most imagers on
the web within a couple of months. When considering
accuracy we use a combination of computer vision techniques
to secure the accuracy of image labelling. By doing this we
believe our system will make a significant contribution to
address the semantic gap in the computer vision sector.
},
  author = {Seneviratne, Lasantha and Izquierdo, Ebroul},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd K-Space PhD Jamboree Workshop},
  editor = {Simone, Francesca De and Nemrava, Jan and Bailer, Werner},
  interhash = {5f5d2b0b5a3127737c82241debf59218},
  intrahash = {f965d96aa5122ca1b4cbeb739bb449e2},
  publisher = {CEUR-WS},
  title = {Image Annotation Through Gaming},
  url = {http://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-379/paper8.pdf},
  year = 2008
}

@inproceedings{Turnbull07agame-based,
  abstract = {Games based on human computation are a valuable tool for collecting semantic information about images. We show how to transfer this idea into the music domain in order to collect high-quality semantic data for songs. We present Listen Game, a online, multiplayer game that measures the semantic relationship between music and words. In the normal mode, a player sees a list of semantically related words (e.g., ‘Instruments’, ‘Emotions ’ ‘Usages’) and is asked to pick the best and worst word to describe a song. In the freestyle mode, a user is asked to suggest a new word that describes the music. Each player receives realtime feedback on the agreement amongst all players. We show that we can use the data collected during a twoweek pilot study of Listen Game to learn a supervised multiclass labeling (SML) model which can annotate a novel song with meaningful words and retrieve relevant songs from a database of audio content.},
  author = {Turnbull, Douglas and Liu, Ruoran and Barrington, Luke and Lanckriet, Gert},
  booktitle = {In 8th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR},
  interhash = {84dbb47780598f72fb33e7e1e431fdb9},
  intrahash = {daa312cc50ee2e53a48fe78f88586a8f},
  title = {A game-based approach for collecting semantic annotations of music},
  year = 2007
}

@article{4563045,
  abstract = {Image annotation is hard to do in an automatic way. In this paper, we propose a framework for image annotation that combines the benefits of three paradigms: automatic annotation, human intervention and entertainment activities. We also describe our proposal inside this framework, the ASAA (application for semi-automatic annotation) interface, a new computer game for image tagging. The application has a 3D game interface, and is supported by a game engine that uses a system for automatic image classification and gestural input to play the game. We present results of the performance of semantic models obtained with a training set enlarged by images annotated during the game activity as well as usability tests of the application.},
  author = {Jesus, R. and Goncalves, D. and Abrantes, A.J. and Correia, N.},
  doi = {10.1109/CVPRW.2008.4563045},
  interhash = {cdd13517badd0fdd5d6455a6ea971cb4},
  intrahash = {0190ab8d7a4603a19c795e205fdf87ca},
  journal = {Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2008. CVPR Workshops 2008. IEEE Computer Society Conference on},
  month = {June},
  pages = {1-8},
  title = {Playing games as a way to improve automatic image annotation},
  year = 2008
}

@inproceedings{Oren:2006:semwiki,
  abstract = {Semantic Wikis allow users to semantically annotate their
Wiki content. The particular annotations can differ in expressive power,
simplicity, and meaning. We present an elaborate conceptual model for
semantic annotations, introduce a unique and rich Wiki syntax for these
annotations, and discuss how to best formally represent the augmented
Wiki content. We improve existing navigation techniques to automatically
construct faceted browsing for semistructured data. By utilising
the Wiki annotations we provide greatly enhanced information retrieval.
Further we report on our ongoing development of these techniques in our
prototype SemperWiki.},
  author = {Oren, Eyal and Delbru, Renaud and M{\"{o}}ller, Knud and V{\"{o}}lkel, Max and Handschuh, Siegfried},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the First Workshop on Semantic Wikis -- From Wiki To Semantics},
  editor = {V{\"{o}}lkel, Max},
  interhash = {81b5885e573d9bfb06a6be9c91eefe7e},
  intrahash = {bdafa917ac5c469d80c137caeea983fd},
  month = JUN,
  title = {Annotation and Navigation in Semantic Wikis},
  url = {\url{http://www.eyaloren.org/pubs/semwiki2006.pdf}},
  year = 2006
}

@inproceedings{cream02,
  author = {Handschuh, Siegfried and Staab, Steffen},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eleventh International World Wide Web Conference, WWW2002},
  interhash = {acd4e749a39e71ac883d03d6fa874479},
  intrahash = {ea80983cf8c6f794e87c6d3a029362c0},
  location = {Santa Barbara, CA},
  publisher = {to appear},
  title = {Authoring and annotation of web pages in CREAM.},
  url = {http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/handschuh02authoring.html},
  year = 2002
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/esws/BuitelaarSK06,
  author = {Buitelaar, Paul and Sintek, Michael and Kiesel, Malte},
  bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
  booktitle = {ESWC},
  crossref = {DBLP:conf/esws/2006},
  ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11762256_37},
  interhash = {3e6ef7f54d1615d2b9a788a18723279e},
  intrahash = {23a1a68d54d5443152a127f82e9a6bae},
  pages = {502-513},
  title = {A Multilingual/Multimedia Lexicon Model for Ontologies.},
  year = 2006
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/esws/UdreaRS06,
  author = {Udrea, Octavian and Recupero, Diego Reforgiato and Subrahmanian, V. S.},
  bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
  booktitle = {ESWC},
  crossref = {DBLP:conf/esws/2006},
  ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11762256_36},
  interhash = {2024e3184522bd898a01da16002ed0fe},
  intrahash = {4360f0667ded333ce7197d24f8aa5ea0},
  pages = {487-501},
  title = {Annotated RDF.},
  year = 2006
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/esws/PreeceJPMESB06,
  author = {Preece, Alun D. and Jin, Binling and Pignotti, Edoardo and Missier, Paolo and Embury, Suzanne M. and Stead, David and Brown, Al},
  bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
  booktitle = {ESWC},
  crossref = {DBLP:conf/esws/2006},
  ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11762256_35},
  interhash = {0ffbb30fdd0c7200bceb76b227837316},
  intrahash = {95501fc46ecda1fdf0be0304ba79a856},
  pages = {472-486},
  title = {Managing Information Quality in e-Science Using Semantic Web Technology.},
  year = 2006
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/esws/IturriozAD06,
  author = {Iturrioz, Jon and Anzuola, Sergio Fern{\'a}ndez and D\'{\i}az, Oscar},
  bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
  booktitle = {ESWC},
  crossref = {DBLP:conf/esws/2006},
  ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11762256_34},
  interhash = {e2fe4ce183e9bd8d1da5945dc654908b},
  intrahash = {5a40b8bad94a3ad69c9aff889e0409d6},
  pages = {457-471},
  title = {Turning the Mouse into a Semantic Device: The {\it eMouse} Experience.},
  year = 2006
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/esws/PazienzaS06,
  author = {Pazienza, Maria Teresa and Stellato, Armando},
  bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
  booktitle = {ESWC},
  crossref = {DBLP:conf/esws/2006},
  ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11762256_33},
  interhash = {15985d80fb640dfd94cd9ca37ccd6048},
  intrahash = {a47917afbed6102891b137cfedbb1ba7},
  pages = {442-456},
  title = {An Environment for Semi-automatic Annotation of Ontological Knowledge with Linguistic Content.},
  year = 2006
}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/esws/HartmannBPG06,
  author = {Hartmann, Jens and Bontas, Elena Paslaru and Palma, Ra{\'u}l and G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n},
  bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
  booktitle = {ESWC},
  crossref = {DBLP:conf/esws/2006},
  ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11762256_32},
  interhash = {116da904bb9fa0e2e808856e5d263f83},
  intrahash = {990b679c44f8c2647d5748d0b37fd2f6},
  pages = {427-441},
  title = {DEMO - Design Environment for Metadata Ontologies.},
  year = 2006
}

@inproceedings{hessetal2004,
  author = {Hess, Andreas and Johnston, Eddie and Kushmerick, Nicholas},
  bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de},
  booktitle = {Proc. Intl. Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2004)},
  interhash = {2d29b01ae6c56114f14c865a896ecc0f},
  intrahash = {89dd923ed9c121d0baad7741d5abbdbe},
  publisher = {Springer},
  title = {{ASSAM}: A tool for semi-automatically annotating Web Services with semantic metadata},
  url = {http://moguntia.ucd.ie/publications/hess-iswc04.pdf},
  year = 2004
}

@inproceedings{conf/www/HandschuhS02,
  author = {Handschuh, Siegfried and Staab, Steffen},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eleventh International World Wide Web Conference, WWW2002},
  ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/511446.511506},
  interhash = {acd4e749a39e71ac883d03d6fa874479},
  intrahash = {ea80983cf8c6f794e87c6d3a029362c0},
  pages = {462-473},
  title = {Authoring and annotation of web pages in CREAM.},
  url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/www/www2002.html#HandschuhS02},
  year = 2002
}