A qualitative study of ZoneTag/Flickr users exposed various tagging patterns and emerging motivations for photo annotation. We offer a taxonomy of motivations for annotation in this system along two dimensions (sociality and function), and explore the various factors that people consider when tagging their photos. Our findings suggest implications for the design of digital photo organization and sharing applications, as well as other applications that incorporate user-based annotation.}, acmid = {1240772}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Ames, Morgan and Naaman, Mor}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems}, doi = {10.1145/1240624.1240772}, interhash = {bd24c17d66d2b904b3fc9444c2b64b44}, intrahash = {bc08f76536610f3f376bece5f0b46ad5}, isbn = {978-1-59593-593-9}, location = {San Jose, California, USA}, numpages = {10}, pages = {971--980}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {CHI '07}, title = {Why we tag: motivations for annotation in mobile and online media}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1240624.1240772}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{ames2007motivations, abstract = {Why do people tag? Users have mostly avoided annotating media such as photos -- both in desktop and mobile environments -- despite the many potential uses for annotations, including recall and retrieval. We investigate the incentives for annotation in Flickr, a popular web-based photo-sharing system, and ZoneTag, a cameraphone photo capture and annotation tool that uploads images to Flickr. In Flickr, annotation (as textual tags) serves both personal and social purposes, increasing incentives for tagging and resulting in a relatively high number of annotations. ZoneTag, in turn, makes it easier to tag cameraphone photos that are uploaded to Flickr by allowing annotation and suggesting relevant tags immediately after capture. A qualitative study of ZoneTag/Flickr users exposed various tagging patterns and emerging motivations for photo annotation. We offer a taxonomy of motivations for annotation in this system along two dimensions (sociality and function), and explore the various factors that people consider when tagging their photos. Our findings suggest implications for the design of digital photo organization and sharing applications, as well as other applications that incorporate user-based annotation.}, acmid = {1240772}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Ames, Morgan and Naaman, Mor}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, doi = {10.1145/1240624.1240772}, interhash = {bd24c17d66d2b904b3fc9444c2b64b44}, intrahash = {c3840b12cf9592a782a09ab9e1bdf49e}, isbn = {978-1-59593-593-9}, location = {San Jose, California, USA}, numpages = {10}, pages = {971--980}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {CHI '07}, title = {Why We Tag: Motivations for Annotation in Mobile and Online Media}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1240624.1240772}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{ames2007motivations, abstract = {Why do people tag? Users have mostly avoided annotating media such as photos -- both in desktop and mobile environments -- despite the many potential uses for annotations, including recall and retrieval. We investigate the incentives for annotation in Flickr, a popular web-based photo-sharing system, and ZoneTag, a cameraphone photo capture and annotation tool that uploads images to Flickr. In Flickr, annotation (as textual tags) serves both personal and social purposes, increasing incentives for tagging and resulting in a relatively high number of annotations. ZoneTag, in turn, makes it easier to tag cameraphone photos that are uploaded to Flickr by allowing annotation and suggesting relevant tags immediately after capture.
A qualitative study of ZoneTag/Flickr users exposed various tagging patterns and emerging motivations for photo annotation. We offer a taxonomy of motivations for annotation in this system along two dimensions (sociality and function), and explore the various factors that people consider when tagging their photos. Our findings suggest implications for the design of digital photo organization and sharing applications, as well as other applications that incorporate user-based annotation.}, acmid = {1240772}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Ames, Morgan and Naaman, Mor}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems}, doi = {10.1145/1240624.1240772}, interhash = {bd24c17d66d2b904b3fc9444c2b64b44}, intrahash = {bc08f76536610f3f376bece5f0b46ad5}, isbn = {978-1-59593-593-9}, location = {San Jose, California, USA}, numpages = {10}, pages = {971--980}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {CHI '07}, title = {Why we tag: motivations for annotation in mobile and online media}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1240624.1240772}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{Ames:2007:WWT:1240624.1240772, abstract = {Why do people tag? Users have mostly avoided annotating media such as photos -- both in desktop and mobile environments -- despite the many potential uses for annotations, including recall and retrieval. We investigate the incentives for annotation in Flickr, a popular web-based photo-sharing system, and ZoneTag, a cameraphone photo capture and annotation tool that uploads images to Flickr. In Flickr, annotation (as textual tags) serves both personal and social purposes, increasing incentives for tagging and resulting in a relatively high number of annotations. ZoneTag, in turn, makes it easier to tag cameraphone photos that are uploaded to Flickr by allowing annotation and suggesting relevant tags immediately after capture.
A qualitative study of ZoneTag/Flickr users exposed various tagging patterns and emerging motivations for photo annotation. We offer a taxonomy of motivations for annotation in this system along two dimensions (sociality and function), and explore the various factors that people consider when tagging their photos. Our findings suggest implications for the design of digital photo organization and sharing applications, as well as other applications that incorporate user-based annotation.}, acmid = {1240772}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Ames, Morgan and Naaman, Mor}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems}, doi = {10.1145/1240624.1240772}, interhash = {bd24c17d66d2b904b3fc9444c2b64b44}, intrahash = {bc08f76536610f3f376bece5f0b46ad5}, isbn = {978-1-59593-593-9}, location = {San Jose, California, USA}, numpages = {10}, pages = {971--980}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {CHI '07}, title = {Why we tag: motivations for annotation in mobile and online media}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1240624.1240772}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{naaman2010really, abstract = {In this work we examine the characteristics of social activity and patterns of communication on Twitter, a prominent example of the emerging class of communication systems we call "social awareness streams." We use system data and message content from over 350 Twitter users, applying human coding and quantitative analysis to provide a deeper understanding of the activity of individuals on the Twitter network. In particular, we develop a content-based categorization of the type of messages posted by Twitter users, based on which we examine users' activity. Our analysis shows two common types of user behavior in terms of the content of the posted messages, and exposes differences between users in respect to these activities.}, acmid = {1718953}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Naaman, Mor and Boase, Jeffrey and Lai, Chih-Hui}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work}, doi = {10.1145/1718918.1718953}, interhash = {c6bf200b6532c60e125ba45d17c8d4cf}, intrahash = {1066e1c098a8d7b67e7903069c6a7a9f}, isbn = {978-1-60558-795-0}, location = {Savannah, Georgia, USA}, numpages = {4}, pages = {189--192}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {CSCW '10}, title = {Is it really about me?: message content in social awareness streams}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1718918.1718953}, year = 2010 } @inproceedings{kennedy2007how, abstract = {The advent of media-sharing sites like Flickr and YouTube has drastically increased the volume of community-contributed multimedia resources available on the web. These collections have a previously unimagined depth and breadth, and have generated new opportunities – and new challenges – to multimedia research. How do we analyze, understand and extract patterns from these new collections? How can we use these unstructured, unrestricted community contributions of media (and annotation) to generate “knowledge�?? As a test case, we study Flickr – a popular photo sharing website. Flickr supports photo, time and location metadata, as well as a light-weight annotation model. We extract information from this dataset using two different approaches. First, we employ a location-driven approach to generate aggregate knowledge in the form of “representative tags�? for arbitrary areas in the world. Second, we use a tag-driven approach to automatically extract place and event semantics for Flickr tags, based on each tag’s metadata patterns. With the patterns we extract from tags and metadata, vision algorithms can be employed with greater precision. In particular, we demonstrate a location-tag-vision-based approach to retrieving images of geography-related landmarks and features from the Flickr dataset. The results suggest that community-contributed media and annotation can enhance and improve our access to multimedia resources – and our understanding of the world.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Kennedy, Lyndon and Naaman, Mor and Ahern, Shane and Nair, Rahul and Rattenbury, Tye}, booktitle = {MULTIMEDIA '07: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Multimedia}, citeulike-article-id = {2626639}, citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1291384}, citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1291233.1291384}, doi = {10.1145/1291233.1291384}, file = {kennedy2007how.pdf:kennedy2007how.pdf:PDF}, groups = {public}, interhash = {cd4acdd5a627c20e9effdbda54dd122d}, intrahash = {7069480c43ba5d41396e075307cd1af1}, isbn = {9781595937025}, pages = {631--640}, posted-at = {2009-06-25 14:41:53}, priority = {2}, publisher = {ACM}, timestamp = {2011-02-17 11:07:22}, title = {How flickr helps us make sense of the world: context and content in community-contributed media collections}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1291233.1291384}, username = {dbenz}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{ames2007why, abstract = {Why do people tag? Users have mostly avoided annotating media such as photos -- both in desktop and mobile environments -- despite the many potential uses for annotations, including recall and retrieval. We investigate the incentives for annotation in Flickr, a popular web-based photo-sharing system, and ZoneTag, a cameraphone photo capture and annotation tool that uploads images to Flickr. In Flickr, annotation (as textual tags) serves both personal and social purposes, increasing incentives for tagging and resulting in a relatively high number of annotations. ZoneTag, in turn, makes it easier to tag cameraphone photos that are uploaded to Flickr by allowing annotation and suggesting relevant tags immediately after capture.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Ames, Morgan and Naaman, Mor}, booktitle = {CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems}, doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1240624.1240772}, interhash = {bd24c17d66d2b904b3fc9444c2b64b44}, intrahash = {a65cefd93890f99f0119da73ba18d392}, isbn = {978-1-59593-593-9}, location = {San Jose, California, USA}, pages = {971--980}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {Why we tag: motivations for annotation in mobile and online media}, url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1240624.1240772}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{marlow2006position, abstract = {In recent years, tagging systems have become increasingly popular. These systems enable users to add keywords (i.e., �tags�) to Internet resources (e.g., web pages, images, videos) without relying on a controlled vocabulary. Tagging systems have the potential to improve search, spam detection, reputation systems, and personal organization while introducing new modalities of social communication and opportunities for data mining. This potential is largely due to the social structure that underlies many of the current systems. Despite the rapid expansion of applications that support tagging of resources, tagging systems are still not well studied or understood. In this paper, we provide a short description of the academic related work to date. We offer a model of tagging systems, specifically in the context of web-based systems, to help us illustrate the possible benefits of these tools. Since many such systems already exist, we provide a taxonomy of tagging systems to help inform their analysis and design, and thus enable researchers to frame and compare evidence for the sustainability of such systems. We also provide a simple taxonomy of incentives and contribution models to inform potential evaluative frameworks. While this work does not present comprehensive empirical results, we present a preliminary study of the photosharing and tagging system Flickr to demonstrate our model and explore some of the issues in one sample system. This analysis helps us outline and motivate possible future directions of research in tagging systems.}, address = {Edinburgh, Scotland}, author = {Marlow, Cameron and Naaman, Mor and Boyd, Danah and Davis, Marc}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Collaborative Web Tagging Workshop at the WWW 2006}, file = {marlow2006position.pdf:marlow2006position.pdf:PDF}, groups = {public}, interhash = {7446351e0d902ee4f36fb750f82c50a5}, intrahash = {d9f433de0945351fa2157c1424d9fe67}, lastdatemodified = {2006-07-17}, lastname = {Marlow}, month = May, own = {own}, pdf = {marlow06-tagging.pdf}, read = {readnext}, timestamp = {2007-09-11 13:31:31}, title = {{Position Paper, Tagging, Taxonomy, Flickr, Article, ToRead}}, url = {http://.rawsugar.com/www2006/cfp.html}, username = {dbenz}, year = 2006 } @inproceedings{rattenbury2007towards, abstract = {We describe an approach for extracting semantics of tags, unstructured text-labels assigned to resources on the Web, based on each tag's usage patterns. In particular, we focus on the problem of extracting place and event semantics for tags that are assigned to photos on Flickr, a popular photo sharing website that supports time and location (latitude/longitude) metadata. We analyze two methods inspired by well-known burst-analysis techniques and one novel method: Scale-structure Identification. We evaluate the methods on a subset of Flickr data, and show that our Scale-structure Identification method outperforms the existing techniques. The approach and methods described in this work can be used in other domains such as geo-annotated web pages, where text terms can be extracted and associated with usage patterns.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Rattenbury, Tye and Good, Nathaniel and Naaman, Mor}, booktitle = {SIGIR '07: Proceedings of the 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval}, doi = {10.1145/1277741.1277762}, file = {rattenbury2007towards.pdf:rattenbury2007towards.pdf:PDF}, groups = {public}, interhash = {8b02d2b3fdbb97c3db6e3b23079a56e5}, intrahash = {bf6f73d2ef74ca6f1d355fb5688b673c}, isbn = {978-1-59593-597-7}, pages = {103--110}, publisher = {ACM Press}, timestamp = {2010-11-10 15:35:25}, title = {Towards automatic extraction of event and place semantics from flickr tags}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1277741.1277762}, username = {dbenz}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{rattenbury2007towards, abstract = {We describe an approach for extracting semantics of tags, unstructured text-labels assigned to resources on the Web, based on each tag's usage patterns. In particular, we focus on the problem of extracting place and event semantics for tags that are assigned to photos on Flickr, a popular photo sharing website that supports time and location (latitude/longitude) metadata. We analyze two methods inspired by well-known burst-analysis techniques and one novel method: Scale-structure Identification. We evaluate the methods on a subset of Flickr data, and show that our Scale-structure Identification method outperforms the existing techniques. The approach and methods described in this work can be used in other domains such as geo-annotated web pages, where text terms can be extracted and associated with usage patterns.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Rattenbury, Tye and Good, Nathaniel and Naaman, Mor}, booktitle = {SIGIR '07: Proceedings of the 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval}, doi = {10.1145/1277741.1277762}, interhash = {8b02d2b3fdbb97c3db6e3b23079a56e5}, intrahash = {bf6f73d2ef74ca6f1d355fb5688b673c}, isbn = {978-1-59593-597-7}, pages = {103--110}, publisher = {ACM Press}, title = {Towards automatic extraction of event and place semantics from flickr tags}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1277741.1277762}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{ames2007why, abstract = {Why do people tag? Users have mostly avoided annotating media such as photos -- both in desktop and mobile environments -- despite the many potential uses for annotations, including recall and retrieval. We investigate the incentives for annotation in Flickr, a popular web-based photo-sharing system, and ZoneTag, a cameraphone photo capture and annotation tool that uploads images to Flickr. In Flickr, annotation (as textual tags) serves both personal and social purposes, increasing incentives for tagging and resulting in a relatively high number of annotations. ZoneTag, in turn, makes it easier to tag cameraphone photos that are uploaded to Flickr by allowing annotation and suggesting relevant tags immediately after capture. A qualitative study of ZoneTag/Flickr users exposed various tagging patterns and emerging motivations for photo annotation. We offer a taxonomy of motivations for annotation in this system along two dimensions (sociality and function), and explore the various factors that people consider when tagging their photos. Our findings suggest implications for the design of digital photo organization and sharing applications, as well as other applications that incorporate user-based annotation.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Ames, Morgan and Naaman, Mor}, booktitle = {CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems}, doi = {10.1145/1240624.1240772}, interhash = {bd24c17d66d2b904b3fc9444c2b64b44}, intrahash = {a65cefd93890f99f0119da73ba18d392}, isbn = {978-1-59593-593-9}, location = {San Jose, California, USA}, pages = {971--980}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {Why we tag: motivations for annotation in mobile and online media}, url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1240624.1240772}, year = 2007 } @article{naaman2008zonetag, abstract = {We describe ZoneTag, a camera phone application that allows users to capture, annotate, and share photos directly from their phone.}, address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA}, author = {Naaman, Mor and Nair, Rahul}, doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MMUL.2008.69}, editor = {Panchanathan, Sethuraman}, interhash = {0eaa336bc425a2710aefe9b2a4f3711d}, intrahash = {3a6067d3abc1cfdb9b59aa8e222ea664}, issn = {1070-986X}, journal = {IEEE MultiMedia}, number = 3, pages = {34-40}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, title = {ZoneTag's Collaborative Tag Suggestions: What is This Person Doing in My Phone?}, volume = 15, year = 2008 } @inproceedings{marlow2006position, abstract = {In recent years, tagging systems have become increasingly popular. These systems enable users to add keywords (i.e., “tags”) to Internet resources (e.g., web pages, images, videos) without relying on a controlled vocabulary. Tagging systems have the potential to improve search, spam detection, reputation systems, and personal organization while introducing new modalities of social communication and opportunities for data mining. This potential is largely due to the social structure that underlies many of the current systems. Despite the rapid expansion of applications that support tagging of resources, tagging systems are still not well studied or understood. In this paper, we provide a short description of the academic related work to date. We offer a model of tagging systems, specifically in the context of web-based systems, to help us illustrate the possible benefits of these tools. Since many such systems already exist, we provide a taxonomy of tagging systems to help inform their analysis and design, and thus enable researchers to frame and compare evidence for the sustainability of such systems. We also provide a simple taxonomy of incentives and contribution models to inform potential evaluative frameworks. While this work does not present comprehensive empirical results, we present a preliminary study of the photosharing and tagging system Flickr to demonstrate our model and explore some of the issues in one sample system. This analysis helps us outline and motivate possible future directions of research in tagging systems.}, author = {Marlow, Cameron and Naaman, Mor and Boyd, Danah and Davis, Marc}, booktitle = {Collaborative Web Tagging Workshop at WWW2006}, interhash = {7446351e0d902ee4f36fb750f82c50a5}, intrahash = {8b100f88154692615b1e31e2e243e78c}, location = {Edinburgh, Scotland}, month = May, title = {{Position Paper, Tagging, Taxonomy, Flickr, Article, ToRead}}, url = {http://www.danah.org/papers/WWW2006.pdf}, year = 2006 }