@inproceedings{halpin2007complex, abstract = {The debate within the Web community over the optimal meansby which to organize information often pits formalized classi�cationsagainst distributed collaborative tagging systems. A numberof questions remain unanswered, however, regarding the nature ofcollaborative tagging systems including whether coherent categorizationschemes can emerge from unsupervised tagging by users.This paper uses data from the social bookmarking site del.icio.us toexamine the dynamics of collaborative tagging systems. In particular,we examine whether the distribution of the frequency of useof tags for “popular” sites with a long history (many tags and manyusers) can be described by a power law distribution, often characteristicof what are considered complex systems. We produce agenerative model of collaborative tagging in order to understandthe basic dynamics behind tagging, including how a power law distributionof tags could arise. We empirically examine the tagginghistory of sites in order to determine how this distribution arisesover time and to determine the patterns prior to a stable distribution.Lastly, by focusing on the high-frequency tags of a site wherethe distribution of tags is a stabilized power law, we show how tagco-occurrence networks for a sample domain of tags can be usedto analyze the meaning of particular tags given their relationship toother tags.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Halpin, Harry and Robu, Valentin and Shepherd, Hana}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th nternational World Wide Web Conference (WWW'07)}, date = {2007 May 8--12}, interhash = {0a44c162c87ebd3186879a070d2c8c9d}, intrahash = {631924a8b2f1ab8a8e2c38a43f1dbc5f}, location = {Banff, Canada}, publisher = {ACM Press}, title = {The Complex Dynamics of Collaborative Tagging}, url = {http://www2007.org/papers/paper635.pdf}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{halpin2006dynamics, abstract = {The debate within the Web community over the optimal means by which to organize information often pits formalized classifications against distributed collaborative tagging systems. A number of questions remain unanswered, however, regarding the nature of collaborative tagging systems including the dynamics of such systems and whether coherent classification schemes can emerge from undirected tagging by users. Currently millions of users are using collaborative tagging without centrally organizing principles, and many suspect this exhibits features considered to be indicative of a complex system. If this is the case, it remains to be seem whether collaborative tagging by users over time leads to emergent classi- fication schemes that could be formalized into an ontology usable by the Semantic Web. This paper uses data from �popular� tagged sites on the social bookmarking site del.icio.us to examine the dynamics of such collaborative tagging systems. In particular, we are trying to determine whether the distribution of tag frequencies stabilizes, which indicates a degree of cohesion or consensus among users about the optimal tags to describe particular sites. We use tag co-occurrence networks for a sample domain of tags to analyze the meaning of particular tags given their relationship to other tags and automatically create an ontology. We also produce a generative model of collaborative tagging in order to model and understand some of the basic dynamics behind the process.}, author = {Halpin, Harry and Robu, Valentin and Shepard, Hana}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st Semantic Authoring and Annotation Workshop (SAAW'06)}, file = {halpin2006dynamics.pdf:halpin2006dynamics.pdf:PDF}, groups = {public}, interhash = {86b08d03b5f0bd947fd9095dc2c9a70c}, intrahash = {266b31ad3599499aacf593e82e775c5b}, lastdatemodified = {2007-01-04}, lastname = {Halpin}, own = {notown}, pdf = {halpin06-dynamics.pdf}, read = {notread}, timestamp = {2007-05-25 16:05:53}, title = {The Dynamics and Semantics of Collaborative Tagging}, username = {dbenz}, year = 2006 } @inproceedings{bollen2009suggestions, abstract = {Most tagging systems support the user in the tag selection process by providing tag suggestions, or recommendations, based on a popularity measurement of tags other users provided when tagging the same resource. The majority of theories and mathematical models of tagging found in the literature assume that the emergence of power laws in tagging systems is mainly driven by the imitation behavior of users when observing tag suggestions provided by the user interface of the tagging system. We present experimental results that show that the power law distribution forms regardless of whether or not tag suggestions are presented to the users.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Bollen, Dirk and Halpin, Harry}, booktitle = {HT '09: Proceedings of the Twentieth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia}, interhash = {280a97ee745f4e0409cf031a1b7ea247}, intrahash = {d7b14a0eb7fabb3cee8846802de069fe}, month = {July}, paperid = {pp161}, publisher = {ACM}, session = {Poster}, title = {The Role of Tag Suggestions in Folksonomies}, year = 2009 } @inproceedings{bollen2009suggestions, abstract = {Most tagging systems support the user in the tag selection process by providing tag suggestions, or recommendations, based on a popularity measurement of tags other users provided when tagging the same resource. The majority of theories and mathematical models of tagging found in the literature assume that the emergence of power laws in tagging systems is mainly driven by the imitation behavior of users when observing tag suggestions provided by the user interface of the tagging system. We present experimental results that show that the power law distribution forms regardless of whether or not tag suggestions are presented to the users.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Bollen, Dirk and Halpin, Harry}, booktitle = {HT '09: Proceedings of the Twentieth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia}, interhash = {280a97ee745f4e0409cf031a1b7ea247}, intrahash = {d7b14a0eb7fabb3cee8846802de069fe}, month = {July}, paperid = {pp161}, publisher = {ACM}, session = {Poster}, title = {The Role of Tag Suggestions in Folksonomies}, year = 2009 } @inproceedings{halpin2006dynamics, abstract = {The debate within the Web community over the optimal means by which to organize information often pits formalized classifications against distributed collaborative tagging systems. A number of questions remain unanswered, however, regarding the nature of collaborative tagging systems including the dynamics of such systems and whether coherent classification schemes can emerge from undirected tagging by users. Currently millions of users are using collaborative tagging without centrally organizing principles, and many suspect this exhibits features considered to be indicative of a complex system. If this is the case, it remains to be seem whether collaborative tagging by users over time leads to emergent classi- fication schemes that could be formalized into an ontology usable by the Semantic Web. This paper uses data from “popular” tagged sites on the social bookmarking site del.icio.us to examine the dynamics of such collaborative tagging systems. In particular, we are trying to determine whether the distribution of tag frequencies stabilizes, which indicates a degree of cohesion or consensus among users about the optimal tags to describe particular sites. We use tag co-occurrence networks for a sample domain of tags to analyze the meaning of particular tags given their relationship to other tags and automatically create an ontology. We also produce a generative model of collaborative tagging in order to model and understand some of the basic dynamics behind the process.}, author = {Halpin, Harry and Robu, Valentin and Shepard, Hana}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st Semantic Authoring and Annotation Workshop (SAAW'06)}, editor = {Möller, Knud and de Waard, Anita and Cayzer, Steve and Koivunen, Marja-Riitta and Sintek, Michael and Handschuh, Siegfried}, interhash = {86b08d03b5f0bd947fd9095dc2c9a70c}, intrahash = {1fb8cd3ba20e70453b02e2213b9a016f}, issn = {1613-0073}, month = nov, series = {CEUR-WS.org}, title = {The Dynamics and Semantics of Collaborative Tagging }, url = {http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-209/saaw06-full01-halpin.pdf}, volume = 209, year = 2006 } @inproceedings{Halpin_et_al_2006, author = {Halpin, Harry and Robu, Valentin and Shepard, Hana}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st Semantic Authoring and Annotation Workshop (SAAW'06)}, interhash = {86b08d03b5f0bd947fd9095dc2c9a70c}, intrahash = {4d96572d49c58d1f958731c5050b5f5b}, publisher = {CEUR-WS}, title = {The Dynamics and Semantics of Collaborative Tagging }, url = {http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-209/saaw06-full01-halpin.pdf}, volume = {Vol-209}, year = 2006 } @misc{Bollen2009, abstract = { Most tagging systems support the user in the tag selection process by providing tag suggestions, or recommendations, based on a popularity measurement of tags other users provided when tagging the same resource. In this paper we investigate the influence of tag suggestions on the emergence of power law distributions as a result of collaborative tag behavior. Although previous research has already shown that power laws emerge in tagging systems, the cause of why power law distributions emerge is not understood empirically. The majority of theories and mathematical models of tagging found in the literature assume that the emergence of power laws in tagging systems is mainly driven by the imitation behavior of users when observing tag suggestions provided by the user interface of the tagging system. This imitation behavior leads to a feedback loop in which some tags are reinforced and get more popular which is also known as the `rich get richer' or a preferential attachment model. We present experimental results that show that the power law distribution forms regardless of whether or not tag suggestions are presented to the users. Furthermore, we show that the real effect of tag suggestions is rather subtle; the resulting power law distribution is `compressed' if tag suggestions are given to the user, resulting in a shorter long tail and a `compressed' top of the power law distribution. The consequences of this experiment show that tag suggestions by themselves do not account for the formation of power law distributions in tagging systems. }, author = {Bollen, Dirk and Halpin, Harry}, interhash = {280a97ee745f4e0409cf031a1b7ea247}, intrahash = {07fe71c72f4fe79cb5a16f53048e0abe}, note = {cite arxiv:0903.1788 }, title = {The Role of Tag Suggestions in Folksonomies}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0903.1788}, year = 2009 } @inproceedings{Halpin_et_al_2007, abstract = {The debate within the Web community over the optimal means by which to organize information often pits formalized classi�cations against distributed collaborative tagging systems. A number of questions remain unanswered, however, regarding the nature of collaborative tagging systems including whether coherent categorization schemes can emerge from unsupervised tagging by users. This paper uses data from the social bookmarking site del.icio.us to examine the dynamics of collaborative tagging systems. In particular, we examine whether the distribution of the frequency of use of tags for “popular” sites with a long history (many tags and many users) can be described by a power law distribution, often characteristic of what are considered complex systems. We produce a generative model of collaborative tagging in order to understand the basic dynamics behind tagging, including how a power law distribution of tags could arise. We empirically examine the tagging history of sites in order to determine how this distribution arises over time and to determine the patterns prior to a stable distribution. Lastly, by focusing on the high-frequency tags of a site where the distribution of tags is a stabilized power law, we show how tag co-occurrence networks for a sample domain of tags can be used to analyze the meaning of particular tags given their relationship to other tags.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Halpin, Harry and Robu, Valentin and Shepherd, Hana}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th nternational World Wide Web Conference (WWW'07)}, date = {2007 May 8--12}, interhash = {0a44c162c87ebd3186879a070d2c8c9d}, intrahash = {631924a8b2f1ab8a8e2c38a43f1dbc5f}, location = {Banff, Canada}, publisher = {ACM Press}, title = {The Complex Dynamics of Collaborative Tagging}, url = {http://www2007.org/papers/paper635.pdf}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{halpin2006identity, author = {Halpin, Harry}, booktitle = {Proc. WWW 2006 Workshop on Identity, Reference, and the Web}, day = 23, interhash = {93fc43e58d698a21889b3fb32c67d5d2}, intrahash = {10d5e1ebefe89accc3215e03442122dc}, month = may, title = {Identity, Reference, and Meaning on the Web}, year = 2006 } @inproceedings{Halpin_et_al_2006, abstract = {The debate within the Web community over the optimal means by which to organize information often pits formalized classifications against distributed collaborative tagging systems. A number of questions remain unanswered, however, regarding the nature of collaborative tagging systems including the dynamics of such systems and whether coherent classification schemes can emerge from undirected tagging by users. Currently millions of users are using collaborative tagging without centrally organizing principles, and many suspect this exhibits features considered to be indicative of a complex system. If this is the case, it remains to be seem whether collaborative tagging by users over time leads to emergent classi- fication schemes that could be formalized into an ontology usable by the Semantic Web. This paper uses data from “popular” tagged sites on the social bookmarking site del.icio.us to examine the dynamics of such collaborative tagging systems. In particular, we are trying to determine whether the distribution of tag frequencies stabilizes, which indicates a degree of cohesion or consensus among users about the optimal tags to describe particular sites. We use tag co-occurrence networks for a sample domain of tags to analyze the meaning of particular tags given their relationship to other tags and automatically create an ontology. We also produce a generative model of collaborative tagging in order to model and understand some of the basic dynamics behind the process.}, author = {Halpin, Harry and Robu, Valentin and Shepard, Hana}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st Semantic Authoring and Annotation Workshop (SAAW'06)}, interhash = {86b08d03b5f0bd947fd9095dc2c9a70c}, intrahash = {7be112719b93a4d4263407afbf05cce1}, title = {The Dynamics and Semantics of Collaborative Tagging }, url = {http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-209/saaw06-full01-halpin.pdf}, year = 2006 } @misc{ieKey, author = {Halpin, Harry and Robu, Valentin and Shepard, Hana}, booktitle = {Proc of the 1st Semantic Authoring and Annotation Workshop}, interhash = {86b08d03b5f0bd947fd9095dc2c9a70c}, intrahash = {b15e1b6d9d381c332e18275ef89b57a7}, title = {The Dynamics and Semantics of Collaborative Tagging }, url = {http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-209/saaw06-full01-halpin.pdf}, year = 2006 }